Uncategorized

DSE Energy Glossary

by
Haboob A squall of billowing dust that blows across the Syrian Desert when a monsoon collides with dry air currents above it.
Halogen Lamp A special type of incandescent globe made of quartz glass and a tungsten filament, enabling it to run at a much higher temperature than a conventional incandescent globe. Efficiency is better than a normal incandescent, but not as good as a fluorescent light.
Harmattan A very hot wind with dangerous cross-currents that blows southwest from central Africa and across the Sudan, typically December through February. It is often preceded by “the smokes,” clouds of stinging, red dust.
Harmonic Content Frequencies in the output waveform in addition to the primary frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz.) Energy in these harmonics is lost and can cause undue heating of the load.
H-Coal Process A means of making coal cleaner so it will produce less ash and less sulfur emissions.
Head The difference in elevation between two parts of a liquid-based system. In hydro power, the difference between a source of water and the location at which the water from that source may be used (synonym vertical drop). With pumps, the vertical distance the pump must move the water.
Headrace A flume or channel that feeds water into a hydro turbine.
Health Spa an establishment (often commercial) which is visited by guests seeking therapy and relaxation; many center around hot mineral springs or use hot water from geothermal wells.
Heat Balance The outdoor temperature at which a building’s internal heat gain (from people, lights and machines) is equal to the heat loss through windows, roof and walls.
Heat Capacity The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a given mass one degree. Heat capacity may be calculated by multiplying the mass by the specific heat.
Heat Engine An engine that converts heat to mechanical energy.
Heat Exchanger a device in which heat is transferred by conduction through a metal barrier from a hotter liquid or gas, to warm a cooler liquid or gas on the other side of the metal barrier. Types of heat exchangers include "shell and tube," and "plate."
Heat Gain an increase in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from direct solar radiation, heat flow through walls, windows, and other building surfaces, and the heat given off by people, lights, equipment, and other sources.
Heat Loss A decrease in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from heat flow through walls, windows, roof and other building surfaces and from exfiltration of warm air.
Heat Pump A device typically used for heating and cooling of buildings by drawing from or dissipating into the ambient temperature of air or water. When cooling, a heat pump works like a refrigerator. When heating, it also works like a fridge, except the heat produced is used to heat a space.
Heat Rate A number that tells how efficient a fuel-burning power plant is. The heat rate equals the Btu content of the fuel input divided by the kilowatt-hours of power output.
Heat Sink A medium or container to which heat flows. Thermal mass walls and floors in a passive solar home act as a heat sink during the day.
Heat Storm Heat storms occur when temperatures exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit over a large area for three days in a row. Normal hot temperatures cause electricity demand to increase during the peak summertime hours of 4 to 7 p.m. when air conditioners are straining to overcome the heat. If a hot spell extends to three days or more, however, nighttime temperatures do not cool down, and the thermal mass in homes and buildings retains the heat from previous days. This heat build-up causes air conditioners to turn on earlier and to stay on later in the day. As a result, available electricity supplies are challenged during a higher, wider peak electricity consumption period.
Heat Transfer Heat is transferred from one substance or location to another by three methods—radiation, convection and conduction. The sun’s rays are a good example of radiation; warm air rising is heat movement by convection; and touching a hot iron or frying pan with your hand is heat transfer by conduction.
Heating Degree Day A unit that measure the space heating needs during a given period of time.
Heating Load The rate at which heat must be added to a space in order to maintain the desired temperature within the space.
Heating Value The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a given amount of fuel.
Heavy Water A type of hydrogen atom that may be used as fuel for fusion power plants. Also called DEUTERIUM, it is found in abundance in the seas.
Hedging Contracts Contracts which establish future prices and quantities of electricity independent of the short-term market. Derivatives may be used for this purpose. (See Contracts for Differences, Forwards, Futures Market, and Options.)
Heliochemical Using solar radiation to cause chemical reactions.
Heliothermal A process that uses the sun’s rays to produce heat.
Helm Wind A wind that blows down the slopes of small, smooth hills. Helm winds are common in the British Isles.
Hertz The frequency of electrical current described in cycles per second.
Hertz (Hz) A measure of the number of cycles or wavelengths of electrical energy per second. The United States electricity supply has a standard frequency of 60 hertz.
Heterojunction A region of electrical contact between two different materials.
High Voltage Disconnect The voltage at which a charge controller will disconnect the photovoltaic array from the batteries to prevent overcharging.
High Voltage Disconnect Hysteresis The voltage difference between the high voltag disconnect set point and the voltage at which the full photovoltaic array current will be reapplied.
High-Sulfur Coal Coal whose weight is more than one percent sulfur.
Hms:O The unit of measurement of the electrical resistance of a material to the flow of current.
Hole The vacancy where an electron would normally exist in a solid; behaves like a positively charged particle.
Homojunction The region between an n-layer and a p-layer in a single material, photovoltaic cell.
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Turbines on which the axis of the rotor’s rotation is parallel to the wind stream and the ground.
Horsepower A measure of the capacity to generate energy or do work. 1 horsepower = 746 watts.
Horsepower (Hp) A unit for measuring the rate of doing work. One horsepower equals about three-fourths of a kilowatt (745.7 watts).
Hot (Colloquial)
Hot Dry Rock A geothermal resource created when impermeable, subsurface rock structures, typically granite rock 15,000 feet or more below the earth’s surface, are heated by geothermal energy. The resource is being investigated as a source of energy production.
Hot Spot A phenomenon where one or more cells within a PV module or array act as a resistive load, resulting in local overheating or melting of the cells.
Hot Springs a natural spring that puts out water warmer than body temperature and therefore feels hot; may collect in pools or flow into streams an lakes. A geothermal phenomenon.
HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor) A measure of heating efficiency for the total heating output of a central air-conditioning heat pump. Efficiency is derived according to federal test methods by using the total Btus during its normal usage period for heating divided by the total electrical energy input in watt-hours during the same period
Hub The center mount for the blades.  Laser cut like mine are hard to beat. 
HVAC (Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning) A system that provides heating, ventilation and/or cooling within or associated with a building.
Hybrid System A PV system that includes solar PV and some other electricity generating power source.
Hybrid Vehicle Usually a hybrid EV, a vehicle that employs a combustion engine system together with an electric propulsion system. Hybrid technologies expand the usable range of EVs beyond what an all-electric-vehicle can achieve with batteries only.
Hydroelectric Power Electricity produced by falling water that turns a turbine generator. Also referred to as HYDRO.
Hydroelectric Spill Generation Hydroelectric generation in existence prior to January 1, 1998, that has no storage capacity and that, if backed down, would spill. This term also refers to a hydro resource that has exceeded or has inadequate storage capacity and is spilling, even though generators are operating at full capacity.
Hydroelectricity Electric energy made by the conversion of energy produced from running water.
Hydro-Electricity Any electricity that is generated by the flow of water.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell A device that converts hydrogen to DC electricity.
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Amorphous silicon with a small amount of incorporated hydrogen. The hydrogen neutralizes dangling bonds in the amorphous silicon, allowing charge carriers to flow more freely.
Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the density of liquids in relation to the density of water. The hydrometer is used to indicate the state of charge in lead-acid cells by measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte.
Hydronic Heating A system that heats a space using hot water which may be circulated through a convection or fan coil system or through a radiant baseboard or floor system.
Hydronic Heating System A type of heating system where water is heated in a solar collector or boiler, and is pumped to heat exchangers or radiators in rooms. Radiant floor systems have a grid of tubing laid out in the floor for distributing the heat. Temperature of the space is controlled by regulating the flow and/or temperature of the circulating water.
Hydropower captures the energy in flowing water and uses it to generate electricity.
Hydrothermal hydro means water and thermal means heat. Literally hydrothermal means hot water. Steam and hot water reservoirs are hydrothermal reservoirs. Hot dry rock resources and magma resources are not considered to be hydrothermal resources.
Hydrothermal Systems Underground reservoirs that produce either dry steam or a mixture of steam and water.
Hygas A process that uses water to help produce pipeline-quality gas from coal.

DSE Energy Glossary

by
Imbalance Energy The real-time change in generation output or demand requested by the ISO to maintain reliability of the ISO-controlled grid. Sources of imbalance energy include regulation, spinning and non-spinning reserves, replacement reserve, and energy from other generating units that are able to respond to the ISO’s request for more or less energy.
Impermeable does not allow liquids to pass through easily.  Certain rock types and clay soil are impermeable.
Imports (Electric Utility) Power capacity or energy obtained by one utility from others under purchase or exchange agreement.
Impoundment A body of water confined by a dam, dike, floodgate or other artificial barrier.
Incandescent Lamp An electric lamp in which a filament is heated by an electric current until it emits visible light.
Incandescent Light An electric lamp that is evacuated or filled with an inert gas and contains a filament (commonly tungsten). The filament emits visible light when heated to extreme temperatures by electric current through it. Incandescent lightbulbs are one of the most inefficient ways to light a home. They produce a great deal of heat along with the light, and use three to four times as much energy for the same light output as compact fluorescent lightbulbs.
Incident Light Light that shines on to the surface of a PV cell or module.
Independent Power Producer An Independent Power Producer (IPP) generates power that is purchased by an electric utility at wholesale prices. The utility then resells this power to end-use customers. Although IPPs generate power, they are not franchised utilities, government agencies or QFs. IPPs usually do not own transmission lines to transmit the power that they generate.
Independent Power System A power generation system that is independent of the mains grid.
Indirectly Conditioned Space See conditioned space, indirectly.
Indium Oxide A wide band gap semiconductor that can be heavily doped with tin to make a highly conductive, transparent thin film. Often used as a front contact or one component of a heterojunction solar cell.
Induction Generator A generator that produces energy by the production of a magnetic field by the proximity of a electric charge. Commonly made from old induction motors. 
Induction Motor An AC motor in which the rotating armature has no electrical connections to it and consists of alternating plates.
Induction Motor (Ac) A type of electric motor that requires a high surge to start, and a stable voltage supply, making it a challenge to run using a solar-electric system.
Infiltration The uncontrolled inward leakage of air through cracks and gaps in the building envelope, especially around windows, doors and duct systems.
Infiltration Barrier A material placed on the outside or the inside of exterior wall framing to restrict inward air leakage, while permitting the outward escape of water vapor from the wall cavity
Infrared Light. Electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths lie in the range from .75 micrometers to 1000 micrometers.
Infrared Radiation Electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths lie in the range from 0.75 micrometer to 1000 micrometers; invisible long wavelength radiation (heat) capable of producing a thermal or photovoltaic effect, though less effective than visible light.
Infrastructure generally refers to the recharging and refueling network necessary to successful development, production, commercialization and operation of alternative fuel vehicles, including fuel supply, public and private recharging and refueling facilities, standard specifications for refueling outlets, customer service, education and training, and building code regulations.
Injection Well a well through which geothermal water is returned to an underground reservoir after use. Geothermal production and injection wells are constructed of pipes layered inside one another and cemented into the earth and to each other. This protects any shallow drinking water aquifers from mixing with deeper geothermal water.
Input Voltage This is determined by the total power required by the alternating current loads and the voltage of any direct current loads. Generally, the larger the load, the higher the inverter input voltage. This keeps the current at levels where switches and other components are readily available.
In-Situ Combustion An experimental means of recovering hard-to-get petroleum by burning some of the oil in its natural underground reservoir. Also called FIREFLOODING.
In-Situ Gasification Converting coal into synthetic gas at the place where the coal is found in nature.
Insolation The amount of sunlight reaching an area, usually expressed in Watt hours per square meter per day.
Installer Usually a retailer and installer of PV Systems
Insulation A material used to prevent the flow of electricity. Normally used on electrical wires to prevent electric shock. Typical materials used include plastics such as PVC and polypropylene.
Insulation, Thermal A material having a relatively high resistance of heat flow and used principally to retard heat flow. See R-VALUE.
Insulator A material (such as plastic or glass) that does not permit electricity to pass through it readily.
Intake In a hydro system, the structure that receives the water and feeds it into the penstock (pipeline). Usually incorporates screening or filtering to keep debris and aquatic life out of the system.
Integrated Resource Planning Principles The underlying principles of IRP can be distinguished from the formal process of developing an approved utility resource plan for utility investments in supply- and demand-side resources. A primary principle is to provide a framework for comparing a variety of supply- and demand-side and transmission resource costs and attributes outside of the basic provision (or reduction) of electric capacity and energy. These resources may be owned or constructed by any entity and may be acquired through contracts as well as through direct investments. Another principle is the incorporation of risk and uncertainty into the planning analysis. The public participation aspects of IRP allow public and regulatory involvement in the planning rather than the siting stage of project development.
Integrated Resource Planning(Irp) A public planning process and framework within which the costs and benefits of both demand- and supply-side resources are evaluated to develop the least-total-cost mix of utility resource options. In many states, IRP includes a means for considering environmental damages caused by electricity supply/transmission and identifying cost-effective energy efficiency and renewable energy alternatives. IRP has become a formal process prescribed by law in some states and under some provisions of the Clean Air Act amendments of 1992.
Integrator Integrates PV components in to a complete PV System
Interchange (Electric Utility) The agreement among interconnected utilities under which they buy, sell and exchange power among themselves. This can, for example, provide for economy energy and emergency power supplies.
Interconnect A conductor within a module or other means of connection which provides an electrical interconnection between the solar cells. [UL 1703]
Interconnection (Electric Utility) The linkage of transmission lines between two utilities, enabling power to be moved in either direction. Interconnections allow the utilities to help contain costs while enhancing system reliability.
Inter-Connector A transmission line or group of transmission lines that connects the transmission networks in adjacent regions.
Interested Party any person whom the commission finds and acknowledges as having a real and direct interest in any proceeding or action carried on, under, or as a result of the operation of, this division.
Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which fuel is burned inside the engine. A car’s gasoline engine or rotary engine is an example of a internal combustion engine. It differs from engines having an external furnace, such as a steam engine.
Interruptible Service (Electric Utility) Electricity supplied under agreements that allow the supplier to curtail or stop service at times.
Intertie A transmission line that links two or more regional electric power systems.
Intrinsic Layer A layer of semiconductor material, used in a photovoltaic device, whose properties are essentially those of the pure, undoped, material.
Intrinsic Semiconductor An undoped semiconductor.
Inverter A device that converts DC electricity (anywhere from 12 to 600 VDC) to AC electricity (typically 120/240 VAC).
Investor-Owned Utilities A private company that provides a utility, such as water, natural gas or electricity, to a specific service area.
Ion An atom that has lost or gained electrons and by doing so, becomes electrically charged.
IOU An investor owned utility. A company, owned by stockholders for profit, that provides utility services. A designation used to differentiate a utility owned and operated for the benefit of shareholders from municipally owned and operated utilities and rural electric cooperatives.
IPP INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER. An private entity that operates a generation facility and sells power to electric utilities for resale to retail customers.
Irradiance The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a surface. Usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation.
ISC See SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT.
ISDN INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK. A 128 Kbps (kilobytes per second) digital telephone service available in many parts of the country though not universally available that may be able to substitute for fiber optic cable in every respect except possibly television transmission.
ISO INDEPENDENT SYSTEM OPERATOR. A neutral operator responsible for maintaining instaneous balance of the grid system. The ISO performs its function by controlling the dispatch of flexible plants to ensure that loads match resources available to the system.
Ispra Guidelines Guidelines for the assessment of photovoltaic power plants, published by the Joint Research Centre of the Commission of the European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
I-Type Semiconductor Semiconductor material that is left intrinsic, or undoped so that the concentration of charge carriers is characteristic of the material itself rather than of added impurities.
I-V Curve A graph that plots the current versus the voltage from a PV cell as the electrical load (or resistance) is increased from short circuit (no load) to open circuit (maximum voltage). The shape of the curve characterizing cell performance. Three important points on the I-V curve are the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and peak or maximum power (operating) point.
I-V Data The relationship between current and voltage of a photovoltaic device in the power-producing quadrant, as a set of ordered pairs of current and voltage readings in a table, or as a curve plotted in a suitable coordinate system

DSE Energy Glossary

by
Jack Pump A submerged pump mechanically activated by a rod extending above the well head to a reciprocating engine, motor or any other rotating device.
Jet Stream A meandering and relatively narrow belt of strong winds embedded in the normal wind flow, generally found at high altitudes.
Joule A metric measurement of force equal to one Newton operating through the distance or one metre.
Joule (J) A metric unit of energy or work. One joule per second equals 1 watt.
Junction A region of transition between semiconductor layers, such as a p/n junction, which goes from a region that has a high concentration of acceptors (p-type) to one that has a high concentration of donors (n-type).
Junction Box A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on the module where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devices can be located, if necessary.
Junction Diode A semiconductor device with a junction and a built-in potential that passes current better in one direction than the other. All solar cells are junction diodes.
Kaplan Turbine A type of turbine that has two blades whose pitch is adjustable.
Kbtu One-thousand (1,000) Btus.
Kerosene Certain colorless, low-sulfur oil products that burn without producing much smoke.
Khamsin A hot, dry wind that blows from the Sahara Desert to Egypt for about fifty days each spring. Egyptians call it “rih al khamsin,” which means “the wind of fifty days.”
Kilovolt (Kv) One-thousand volts (1,000). Distribution lines in residential areas usually are 12 kv (12,000 volts).
Kilowatt 1000 Watts = 1Kw or 1 Kilowatt
Kilowatt (Kw) A standard unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts, or to the energy consumption at a rate of 1000 joules per second. 1 kWh = ten 100 watt bulbs all burning at the same time for one hour.  10 bulbs x 100 watts each x 1 hour = 1,000 watts hours or 1kWh.
Kilowatt-Hour (Kwh) One thousand watt-hours. Unit of energy used to perform work (energy and work are equivalent in units, energy being the potential value and work the achieved value).  Fuel equivalents One barrel of crude oil contains roughly 1,700 KWH  One ton of coal contains roughly 7,500 KWH  One gallon of gasoline contains roughly 37 KWH  One cubic foot of natural gas contains 0.3 KWH  One ton of uranium ore contains 164 million KWH 1.34 horsepower-hours.  1 KWH = 3,400 BTU. Can be compared to 860 calories (food energy value).
Kinetic Energy Energy available as a result of motion. (Kinetic energy is equal to one half the mass of the body in motion multiplied by the square of its speed.)
Knot One nautical mile per hour (1.15 MPH).
Kona A stormy, rain-bearing wind from the Southwest or SSW in Hawaii. Kona is a Polynesian word meaning “leeward.”

DSE Energy Glossary

by
Cadmium (Cd) A chemical element used in making certain types of solar cells and batteries.
Cadmium Telluride (Cdte) A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material.
Caldera a bowl-shaped landform, created either by a huge volcanic explosion (which destroys the top of a volcano) or by the collapse of a volcano’s top.
Call-Back A provision included in some power sale contracts that lets the supplier stop delivery when the power is needed to meet certain other obligations.
Calorie One energy calorie is equivalent to 4.2 joules. Thus, it takes 500,000 calories of energy to boil a pot of coffee. One food calorie equals 1,000 energy calories.
Calorie (Energy Calorie small "c"
Capacitance An electrical effect in AC circuits that results in amperage peaking before voltage.
Capacitor An electronic component used for the temporary storage of electricity, as well for removing unwanted noise in circuits. A capacitor will block Direct Current but will pass Alternating Current.
Capacity See Battery Capacity. 
Capacity (C) See battery capacity.
Capacity Factor The ratio of the average load on (or power output of) an electricity generating unit or system to the capacity rating of the unit or system over a specified period of time.
Capacity Release A secondary market for capacity that is contracted by a customer which is not using all of its capacity.
Captive Customer A customer who does not have realistic alternatives to buying power from the local utility, even if that customer had the legal right to buy from competitors.
Captive Electrolyte Battery A battery having an immobilized electrolyte (gelled or absorbed in a material).
Carbon Dioxide A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the air. Carbon dioxide, also called CO2, is exhaled by humans and animals and is absorbed by green growing things and by the sea.
Carbon Dioxide (Co2) A colorless, odorless noncombustible gas present in the atmosphere. It is formed by the combustion of carbon and carbon compounds (such as fossil fuels and biomass), by respiration, which is a slow combustion in animals and plants, and by the gradual oxidation of organic matter in the soil.
Carbon Monoxide (Co) A colorless, odorless but poisonous combustible gas. Carbon monoxide is produced in the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon compounds, for example, fossil fuels like coal and petroleum.
Carcinogens Potential cancer-causing agents in the environment. They include among others: industrial chemical compounds found in food additives, pesticides and fertilizers, drugs, toy, household cleaners, toiletries and paints. Naturally occurring ultraviolet solar radiation is also a carcinogen.
Catalytic Cracking A refinery process that converts a high-boiling range fraction of petroleum (gas oil) to gasoline, olefin feed for alkylation, distillate, fuel oil and fuel gas by use of a catalyst and heat.
Cathode The negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell, vacuum tube, etc., where electrons enter (current leaves) the system; the opposite of an anode.
Cathodic Protection A method of preventing oxidation (rusting) of exposed metal structures, such as bridges and pipelines, by imposing between the structure and the ground a small electrical voltage that opposes the flow of electrons and that is greater than the voltage present during oxidation.
Caulking Material used to make an air-tight seal by filling in cracks, such as those around windows and doors.
Cd see cadmium.
CdTe see cadmium telluride.
Cell The basic unit of a PV module or battery.  The most basic unit that contains the necessary materials, such as electrodes and electrolyte in a battery, to produce electricity. 
CELL (Battery) A single unit of an electro-chemical device capable of producing an electrical current by converting chemical energy into electrical energy. The cell is the basic unit used to store energy in the battery. The cell contains an anode, a cathode, and the electrolyte. A battery usually consists of several cells electrically connected together to produce higher voltages. (Sometimes the terms cell and battery are used interchangeably).
CELL (Solar) The smallest, basic photovoltaic device that generates electricity when exposed to light.
Cell Barrier A very thin region of static electric charge along the interface of the positive and negative layers in a photovoltaic cell. The barrier inhibits the movement of electrons from one layer to the other, so that higher-energy electrons from one side diffuse preferentially through it in one direction, creating a current and thus a voltage across the cell. Also called depletion zone or space charge.
Cell Efficiency The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a photovoltaic cell (under full sun conditions or 1 kw/m2) to the energy from sunlight falling upon the photovoltaic cell.
Cell Junction The area of immediate contact between two layers (positive and negative) of a photovoltaic cell. The junction lies at the center of the cell barrier or depletion zone.
Celsius A temperature scale based on the freezing (0 degrees) and boiling (100 degrees) points of water. Abbreviated as C in second and subsequent references in text. Formerly known as Centigrade. To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply the number by 9, divide by 5, and add 32. For example:  10 degrees Celsius x 9 = 90; 90 / 5 = 18; 18 + 32 = 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
Central Power Plant A large power plant that generates power for distribution to multiple customers.
CFCS (Chlorofluorocarbons
Or Chlorinated Fluorocarbons)		 A family of artificially produced chemicals receiving much attention for their role in stratospheric ozone depletion. On a per molecule basis, these chemicals are several thousand times more effective as greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. Since they were introduced in the mid-1930s, CFCs have been used as refrigerants, solvents and in the production of foam material. The 1987 Montreal protocol on CFCs seeks to reduce their production by one-half by the year 1998.
CFM (Cubic Feet Per Minute) A measure of flow rate. CURIE
Charge Electricity produced by a surplus (position) or shortage (negative) of electrons in an object.
Charge Carrier A free and mobile conduction electron or hole in a semiconductor.
Charge Controller A component of a photovoltaic system that controls the flow of current to and from the battery to protect it from over-charge and over-discharge. The charge controller may also indicate the system operational status.
Charge Factor A number corresponding to the time (in hours) for which a battery can be charged at a constant current without damaging it. Usually expressed as a function of battery capacity, e.g. C/10 indicates a charge factor of 10 hours. Related to Charge Rate.
Charge Rate A measure of the current used to charge a battery as a proportion of its capacity.
Chemical Energy The energy liberated in a chemical reaction, as in the combustion of fuels.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd) A method of depositing thin semiconductor films used to make certain types of photovoltaic devices. With this method, a substrate is exposed to one or more vaporized compounds, one or more of which contain desirable constituents. A chemical reaction is initiated, at or near the substrate surface, to produce the desired material that will condense on the substrate.
Chiller A device that cools water, usually to between 40 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit for eventual use in cooling air.
Chinook A warm, dry wind that originates with moist wind from the Pacific Ocean and releases its moisture as precipitation over the Rocky Mountains. The air is then compressed and heated as it descends over the frozen plains of the northwestern United States and Canada, often melting several inches of snow in a matter of hours. This leads some people to call these winds snow eaters.
Circuit A group of electrical components that make a complete electrical path, providing some function.
Circuit Breaker A device used to interrupt or break an electrical circuit when an overload condition exists. Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical equipment from potential damage.
Clean Fuel Vehicle is frequently incorrectly used interchangeably with "alternative fuel vehicle." Generally, refers to vehicles that use low-emission, clean-burning fuels. Public Resources Code Section 25326 defines clean fuels, for purposes of the section only, as fuels designated by ARB for use in LEVs, ULEVs or ZEVs and include, but are not limited to, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, natural gas, and reformulated gasoline.
Cleavage Of Lateral Epitaxial
Films For Transfer (CLEFT)		 A process for making inexpensive Gallium Arsenide (gaas) photovoltaic cells in which a thin film of gaas is grown atop a thick, single-crystal gaas (or other suitable material) substrate and then is cleaved from the substrate and incorporated into a cell, allowing the substrate to be reused to grow more thin-film gaas.
Clerestory A wall with windows that is between two different (roof) levels. The windows are used to provide natural light into a building.
Climate The prevailing or average weather conditions of a geographic region.
Climate Zone A geographical area is the state that has particular weather patterns. These zones are used to determine the type of building standards that are required by law.
Closed Loop System A solar hot water system of which no part is vented to the atmosphere or fed with fresh liquid. The system liquid, usually some form of antifreeze solution, is recirculated. Closed loop solar systems are also known as glycol systems and indirect systems.
Cloud Enhancement The increase in solar intensity caused by reflected irradiance from nearby clouds.
Clunkers also known as gross-polluting or super- emitting vehicles, i.e., vehicles that emit far in excess of the emission standards by which the vehicle was certified when it was new.
Coal Black or brown rock, formed under pressure from organic fossils in prehistoric times, that is mined and burned to produce heat energy.
Coal Conversion Changing coal into synthetic gas or liquid fuels. See GASIFICATION.
Coal Oil Oil that can be obtained by distilling bituminous coal.
Coal Seam A mass of coal, occurring naturally at a particular location, that can be commercially mined.
Coal Slurry Pipeline A pipe system that transports pulverized coal suspended in water.
Cob Construction A traditional building technique using hand formed lumps of earth mixed with sand and straw.
Cogeneration The joint production of electricity and useful heat at a single facility, resulting in more efficient use of the thermal energy.
Cogenerator Cogenerators use the waste heat created by one process, for example during manufacturing, to produce steam which is used, in turn, to spin a turbine and generate electricity. Cogenerators may also be QFs.
Coke A porous solid left over after the incomplete burning of coal or of crude oil.
Coke Oven Gas Gas given off by coke ovens. Coke oven gas is interchangeable with goal gas.
Collector Loop The plumbing loop in a solar hot water system that includes the solar collectors. The collectors heat the fluid in the collector, and the heated fluid can be used directly (if water) or the heat can be exchanged to a potable water loop.
Combined Collector A photovoltaic device or module that provides useful heat energy in addition to electricity.
Combined Cycle Plant An electric generating station that uses waste heat from its gas turbines to produce steam for conventional steam turbines.
Combined Hydronic Space/Water Heating a system in which both space heating and domestic water heating are provided by the same water heater(s).
Combiner Box A box where wires from individual PV modules or strings are combined into larger wires to run to the battery bank. Can also contain overcurrent protection devices.
Combustion the burning of gas, liquid, or solid, in which the fuel is oxidized, producing heat and often light.
Combustion Burning Rapid oxidation, with the release of energy in the form of heat and light.
Comfort Conditioning The process of treating air to simultaneously control its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space.
Comfort Zone The range of temperatures over which the majority of persons feel comfortable (neither too hot nor too cold).
Commercialization Programs or activities that increase the value or decrease the cost of integrating new products or services into the electricity sector. (See "Sustained Orderly Development.")
Compact Fluorescent Light (Cfl) A smaller version of standard fluorescent lamps that can directly replace incandescent lights. Cfls use 65 to 80 percent less energy, while producing the same lumens.
Competitive Transmission Charge A non-bypassable charge that customers pay to a utility for the recovery of its stranded costs.
Compressed Natural Gas (Cng) natural gas that has been compressed under high pressure, typically between 2,000 and 3,600 pounds per square inch, held in a container. The gas expands when released for use as a fuel.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems concentrate the sun�s energy using reflective devices, such as troughs or mirror panels, to produce heat that is used for industrial processes or to generate electricity.
Concentrator A photovoltaic module, which includes optical components such as lenses (Fresnel lens) to direct and concentrate sunlight onto a solar cell of smaller area. Most concentrator arrays must directly face or track the sun. They can increase the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times.
Condensate Liquid fuel obtained by burning gas or vapor produced from oil and gas wells.
Condense to change from a gas to drops of liquid. Water-cooled geothermal power plants use cooling towers to cool the used steam and condense it back to water for injection back to the edge of the reservoir. In binary power plants, an organic liquid is first vaporized (with heat from geothermal water) to drive a turbine, then cooled and condensed back to a liquid and recycled again and again in a closed loop.
Condenser A heat exchanger in which the refrigerant, compressed to a hot gas, is condensed to liquid by rejecting heat.
Conditioned Space, Directly An enclosed space that is provided with heating equipment that has a capacity exceeding 10 Btus/(hr-ft2), or with cooling equipment that has a capacity exceeding 10 Btus/(hr-ft2). An exception is if the heating and cooling equipment is designed and thermostatically controlled to maintain a process environment temperature less than 65 degrees Fahrenheit or greater than 85 degrees Fahrenheit for the whole space the equipment serves
Conductance The quantity of heat, in Btu’s, that will flow through one square foot of material in one hour, when there is a 1 degree F temperature difference between both surfaces. Conductance values are given for a specific thickness of material, not per inch thickness.
Conduction Heat transfer from a hot object to a colder object through direct contact.
Conduction Band (Or Conduction Level) An energy band in a semiconductor in which electrons can move freely in a solid, producing a net transport of charge.
Conductivity (K) The quantity of heat that will flow through one square foot of homogeneous material, one inch thick, in one hour, when there is a temperature difference of one degree Fahrenheit between its surfaces.
Conductor A material with relatively low resistance through which electricity will readily flow�wires, cables, busbars. The most common conductors are copper and aluminum.
Conduit A pipe or elongated box used to house and protect electrical cables.
Congestion A condition that occurs when insufficient transfer capacity is available to implement all of the preferred schedules simultaneously.
Congestion Management Alleviation of congestion by the ISO.
Conservation Steps taken to cause less energy to be used than would otherwise be the case. These steps may involve improved efficiency, avoidance of waste, reduced consumption, etc. They may involve installing equipment (such as a computer to ensure efficient energy use), modifying equipment (such as making a boiler more efficient), adding insulation, changing behavior patterns, etc.
Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Wind turbines that operate at a constant RPM (rotor revolutions per minute). They are designed for optimal energy capture at a specific rotor diameter and at a particular wind speed.
Contact Resistance The resistance between metallic contacts and the semiconductor.
Continental Drift the theory that the continents have drifted apart when a supercontinent, Pangaea, broke apart. See Plate Tectonics.
Continental Shelf The portion of the sea bottom that slopes gradually from the edge of a continent. Usually defined as areas where water is less than 200 meters or 600 feet deep.
Contingency Planning The Energy Commission’s strategy to respond to impending energy emergencies such as curtailment or shortage of fuel or power because of natural disasters or the result of human or political causes, or a clear threat to public health, safety or welfare.
Continuous Output Rating The maximum amount of power an inverter may deliver to a load (or loads) for a sustained period of time.
Contract Path The most direct physical transmission tie between two interconnected entities. When utility systems interchange power, the transfer is presumed to take place across the "contract path," notwithstanding the electrical fact that power flow in the network will distribute in accordance with network flow conditions. This term can also mean to arrange for power transfer between systems. (See also Parallel path flow)
Contracts For Differences (Cfd) A type of bilateral contract where the electric generation seller is paid a fixed amount over time which is a combination of the short-term market price and an adjustment with the purchaser for the difference. For example, a generator may sell a distribution company power for ten years at 6-cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh). That power is bid into Poolco at some low /kWh value (to ensure it is always taken). The seller then gets the market clearing price from the pool and the purchaser pays the producer the difference between the Poolco selling price and 6-cents/kWh (or vice versa if the pool price should go above the contract price).
Control Area An electric power system, or a combination of electric power systems, to which a common automatic generation control (AGC) is applied to match the power output of generating units within the area to demand.
Convection 1Heat transfer by the movement of fluid (usually air or water). 2  Heat transfer through either the natural or forced movement of air
Convection Currents the currents caused by hot air or fluid rising and falling. Hot air or fluid expands and is therefore less dense than its cooler surroundings, thus it rises; as it cools it contracts, becomes more dense and sinks down creating something of a rolling motion. These motions are thought to be party of the dynamic geologic processes that drive the movement of crustal plates. See Plate Tectonics
Conventional Fuel The fossil fuels
Conventional Gas Natural gas occurring in nature, as opposed to synthetic gas.
Conversion device or kit by which a conventional fuel vehicle is changed to an alternative fuel vehicle.
Conversion Efficiency The ratio of the electrical energy generated by a solar PV cell to the solar energy impacting the cell.  Also see: photovoltaic (conversion) efficiency
Conversion Fuel Factor A number stating units of one system in corresponding values of another system.
Converted Vehicle a vehicle originally designed to operate on gasoline that has been modified or altered to run on an alternative fuel.
Converter An electronic device for DC power that steps up voltage and steps down current proportionally (or vice-versa).
Cooling Capacity, Latent Available refrigerating capacity of an air conditioning unit for removing latent heat from the space to be conditioned.
Cooling Capacity, Sensible Available refrigerating capacity of an air conditioning unit for removing sensible heat from the space to be conditioned.
Cooling Capacity, Total Available refrigerating capacity of an air conditioner for removing sensible heat and latent heat from the space to be conditioned.
Cooling Degree Day A unit of measure that indicates how heavy the air conditioning needs are under certain weather conditions.
Cooling Load The rate at which heat must be extracted from a space in order to maintain the desired temperature within the space.
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (Cltd) A value used in cooling load calculations for the effective temperature difference (delta T) across a wall or ceiling, which accounts for the effect of radiant heat as well as the temperature difference.
Cooling Tower A device for evaporatively cooling water by contact with air.
Co-Op This is the commonly used term for a rural electric cooperative. Rural electric cooperatives generate and purchase wholesale power, arrange for the transmission of that power, and then distribute the power to serve the demand of rural customers. Co-ops typically become involved in ancillary services such as energy conservation, load management and other demand-side management programs in order to serve their customers at least cost.
Cooperative (Electric Utility) A joint venture organized by consumers to make electric utility service available in their area.
Copper Indium Diselenide (Cuinse2, Or CIS) A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material (sometimes incorporating gallium (CIGS) and/or sulfur).
Core (Outer And Inner) the extremely hot center of the Earth. The outer core is probably molten rock and is located about 3,200 miles (5,100) kilometers down from the earth�s surface; the inner core may be solid iron and is found a the very center of the Earth- about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) down.
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (Cafe) A sales-weighted average fuel mileage calculation, in terms of miles per gallon, based on city and highway fuel economy measurements performed as part of the federal emissions test procedures. CAFE requirements were instituted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (89 Statute. 902) and modified by the Automobile Fuel Efficiency Act of 1980 (94 Statute. 1821). For major manufacturers, CAFE levels in 1996 are 27.5 miles per gallon for light-duty automobiles. CAFE standards also apply to some light trucks. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 allows for an adjusted calculation of the fuel economy of vehicles that can use alternative fuels, including fuel-flexible and dual-fuel vehicles.
Cross-Flow Turbine A turbine where the flow of water is at right angles to the axis of rotation of the turbine. Crystalline silicon
Crude Oil Petroleum as found in the earth, before it is refined into oil products. Also called CRUDE.
Crude Oil Stocks Stocks held at refineries and at pipeline terminals. Does not include stocks held on leases (storage facilities adjacent to the wells).
Crust the solid outermost layer of the Earth, mostly consisting of rock, and ranging from 3
Crystalline Silicon A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of natural gas volume. It equals the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under stated conditions of temperature, pressure and water vapor. One cubic foot of natural gas has an energy content of approximately 1,000 Btus. One hundred (100) cubic feet equals one therm (100 ft3 = 1 therm).
Cultivate to grow and tend (plants or crops), farm.
Current Is the flow of electrons. Water flowing in a pipe is similar to electric current. You need voltage to make the current flow, just like water pressure is needed to make the water flow. It’s impossible to see an electric current, but it’s there � and is used to run everything from a light to your CD player.  Also see:  Ampere
Current At Maximum Power (Imp) The current at which maximum power is available from a module.
Cutoff Voltage Electrical equipment setting for the voltage level at which a battery is considered to be empty, and the discharge process is terminated. Most commonly found in inverters and charge controllers that include a feature for low voltage disconnection.
Cut-Off Voltage The voltage levels at which the charge controller (regulator) disconnects the PV array from the battery, or the load from the battery.
Cycle In alternating current electricity, the current flows in one direction from zero to a maximum voltage, then goes back down to zero, then to a maximum voltage in the opposite direction. This comprises one cycle. The number of complete cycles per second determines the current frequency. In the United States the standard for alternating current is 60 cycles.
Cycle Life Number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can perform under specified conditions before it fails to meet its specified performance (e.g. Capacity decreases to 80% of nominal capacity).
Cyclone Air spinning inward toward centers of low air pressure. Cyclones spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
Czochralski Process A method of growing large size, high quality semiconductor crystal by slowly lifting a seed crystal from a molten bath of the material under careful cooling conditions.

Links to Online Energy Calculators

by
A Performance Calculator For Grid-Connected Pv Systems V1:   
A Performance Calculator For  Grid-Connected Pv Systems V2:   / (added 09/2005)
BTU Calculator:  Version 1 is the original PVWATTS. The user chooses a state from a map or a text list, and then the city of interest. The calculations may be done using the default system parameters, or the user may specify the PV system size, local electric costs, whether a fixed or tracking PV array, and the PV array tilt and azimuth angles. PVWATTS calculates monthly and annual energy production in kWh and monthly savings in dollars. The user may also choose to output hourly AC power data, which can saved to a text file. Version 1 can be run for Guam or Puerto Rico as well as the 50 states. 
Business Energy Analyzer :   
Calculate Your Solar Energy Needs:  How big of a stove do you need?
Calenergy.Org:  The Business Energy Analzyer is designed to provide a comprehensive analysis of energy use in your business along with customized energy efficiency improvement recommendations. The calculator prepares a report, based on information submitted by the user, showing investments with greatest savings and those with the fastest payback on investment. Information on multiple buildings may be stored and updated for use in future analyses.
Canadian Small Wind Energy Calculator:  Solar Mike’s Web Site SolarScript© PV System Design On-Line Calculator v2.4
Carbon Dioxide Calculator:  Many state electrical utilities have implemented programs where operators of photovoltaic systems connected to the electrical power grid can sell power to the utility operator. PVWATTS calculates electrical energy produced by a grid-connected photovoltaic system.
Carbon Dioxide Calculator :   is a Web site developed to help you determine the cost and benefits of installing solar or wind energy on your home or building. The Web site also features a database of contractors to help you select an experienced building professional. Developed under funding from the California Energy Commission’s Renewable Energy Consumer Education grant program.
Carboncounter :  is a Web-based calculator developed for the Canadian Wind Energy Association (CANWEA). This online wind calculator helps consumers determine the cost and benefits of installing small wind energy systems for their home, farm or building.
Climate Change Calculator – American Forests:  This CO2 calculator, based on the ChoCO2 studies of GEIC (the Global Environment Information Centre in Tokyo), calculates CO2 emissions from everyday Japanese electrical appliances and automobiles based on energy consumption figures. By marking the appliances you use and filling out the required information, you can get a quick idea of how you can impact on the environment through your lifestyle.
Co2 Calculator :  Carboncounter.org is an individual carbon dioxide emissions calculator generated by The Climate Trust, a pioneering non-profit organization that invests in high-quality projects that reduce or avoid greenhouse gas emissions, and Mercy Corps, an international relief and development agency.
Co2 Reduction Calculator:  This tool prepared for the Canadian government calculates personal greenhouse gas emissions and lists mitigation strategies. Using a graphical example of a Canadian community, the user answers a series of questions on home heating and cooling, appliances, transportation and recreation activities. The calculator estimates personal CO2 emissions, offers suggestions for reducing emissions, and shows reductions achieved for those actions. The reporting function provides a graphical emissions breakdown for each feature. Available online or as a downloadable file.
Co2 Reduction Calculator :  Calculates tons of carbon dioxide emitted by your household this year, and number of trees that would need to be planted to offset those emissions.  / (added 09/2005)
Energy Advisor / Home Energy Saver :  This calculator estimates the time and cost required to phase out CO2 production with a range of renewable energy technologies and carbon sinks. / (added 09/2005)
Energy Conversion Calculator:  This calculator estimates the time and cost required to phase out CO2 production with a range of renewable energy technologies and carbon sinks. / (added 09/2005)
Energy To Carbon Dioxide Converter :  The emissions calculator tabulates a user’s aggregate monthly emissions of seven air pollutants (in pounds) from electricity and natural gas consumption, airplane trips, and vehicle miles traveled (auto or sport utility vehicle/truck) and compare them with average national emissions. Emissions profiles may be saved and updated monthly to track performance. The site also offers suggestions on reducing emissions. / (added 09/2005)
Energy To Carbon Dioxide Converter From National Energy Foundation:  new link — The Home Energy Saver is designed to help you identify the best ways to save energy in your home, and find the resources to make the savings happen. The Home Energy Saver asks for a detailed description of your home, and then quickly computes energy use on-line. Results are provided in dollars, kilowatt-hours and CO2 emissions for your house and the most energy efficient house. By changing one or more features, you can estimate how much energy and money you can save and how much pollution you can prevent by improving your home’s energy efficiency. In addition, the Home Energy Saver’s "Making it Happen" and Energy Librarian" modules connect users to an expanding array of "how-to" information resources throughout the Internet.
Energy To Carbon Dioxide Converter From National Energy Foundation :  energy converter
Energy Usage Worksheet:  Converts emissions from electricity consumption and transportation activities to equivalent amounts and provides information on ways U.K. households can reduce their energy consumption.
Findsolar.Org:  A Worksheet to help you figure out what you energy needs are.
Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator – US Ctc Gateway :  Calculates the emissions savings from using Australian energy star equipment. Results list savings in kilowatt-hours, coal needed to provide this energy, kilograms CO2, and equivalent car travel. 
Home Analyzer :  This site provided by the US Environmental Projection Agency can be used to calculate a household’s greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the impact of measures implemented to reduce these.
How Much Does Your Vehicle Pollute? :  new link — Determines your auto’s carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions. Will calculate values specific to your mileage, or typical for the year and make of your auto. Includes additional information explaining the significance of the result and what can be done to lower emissions.
Hydrogen Equivilant Calculator:  This utility will assist you in referencing Hydrogen equivalents at standard temperature and pressure. 
Iowa Solar Calculator:   
Kerychip – Photovoltaic Software :  Free Download – photovoltaic sizing calculations programs -Device construction, development of analogue and digitals circuits, print and schematic design -Development of micro controller solutions -Data acquisitions – analog and digital signal 
Lishines.Org:  is a Web site developed for Long Island, NY to help you determine the cost and benefits of installing solar on your home or building. The Web site also features a database of contractors to help you select an experienced building professional. This Web site was initially developed in 2003 under funding from RELI & the DOE Million Solar Roofs grant program. In July, 2005 Energy Matters LLC licensed content to RELI, who now administers and maintains the site / (added 09/2005)
Lmno Engineering :  new link — Have calculators for fluid flow and formula information, good for hydro calculations or water pumping applications (things like friction loss through pipes, etc.). 
Personal Co2 Calculation:  A worksheet to determine yearly direct personal carbon dioxide emissions. Results include yearly personal carbon dioxide emissions and a per capita comparison chart to other industrialized countries. Suggestions on reducing emissions while saving money are also provided. / (added 09/2005)
Power Profiler :  The Power Profiler helps users determine the specific air emissions impacts of electricity used to power their home or business using actual monthly energy use information (provided by the user), average monthly use, or default values for monthly residential and commercial electricity use.
Safe Climate’s Calculator:  The SafeClimate carbon footprint calculator allows you to determine carbon dioxide emissions from major sources: home energy consumption and transportation by car and plane.
See The Safeclimate Carbon Dioxide Footprint Calculator Description In The Individuals Section, Above :   
The Co2 Calculator :  Calculates CO2 emissions from everyday Japanese electrical appliances and automobiles based on energy consumption figures. / (added 09/2005)
Travel Matters Emissions Calculators :  TravelMatters! is a new website from the Center for Neighborhood Technology that provides a trio of resources – interactive emissions calculators, online emissions maps, and a wealth of educational content – that emphasize the relationship between more efficient transit systems and lower greenhouse gas emissions. TM’s Emissions Calculator allows users to conceptualize how much carbon dioxide they emit due to their travel decisions. The site also offers transportation emissions by county for all contiguous states.
Units Units Units:  How to convert them / (added 09/2005)
Water Consumption Calculator:   

Research & Reference Materials

by
Biochemicals For The Automotive Industry:  Schlegel Corporation, a manufacturer of automotive components, replaced methylene chloride with a biochemical cleaning system. Learn how they saved $72,000 in combined purchase, disposal and regulatory costs.
Biochemicals For The Printing Industry:  new link — Bolger Publications switched from using petroleum-based press wash to a vegetable-based product, resulting in a safer work environment and financial savings. To learn more about Bolger’s case study and the use of biochemicals in the printing industry.
Clackamas High School:  Take a tour of this LEED Silver school project at the Boora Architects web site. 
Dsire (Database Of State Incentives For Renewable Energy) :  displays the results of a survey of state financial incentives, programs, and regulatory policies designed to promote renewable energy technologies. 
Ecovillages:  A residential community in Loudoun County, Virginia committed to sustainable development. 
Environmental Showcase Home:  Greens the desert and saves "green" with a $30/month energy bill. 
Fighting Climate Change One House At A Time:  Mike & Catherine Tidwell’s story.  With a healthy sense of responsibility and a small loan from the bank, Mike and Catherine Tidwell set about reducing their carbon footprint by rethinking how their house uses energy. On their way they have shown that Americans of modest means can achieve enormous reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
Fog And The Namibian Beetle Provide Water In The Desert:  A good example of biomimetics: Effective fog harvesting. 
Four Times Square, Ny:  An ecologically responsible office tower located in the heart of Manhattan. Highlighted High Performance Features 
Greenhome Project:  Habitat for Humanity’s Washington DC affiliate
Inland Technology Inc: Biochemical Cleaning Solvents:  Boeing Aerospace Corporation cleans its airplane parts with a plant-based terpene cleaning solvent in place of petroleum-based solvents. / (added 09/2005)
Nw Federal Credit Union:  This facility incorporates many wonderful examples of sustainability accentuated by beautiful views of downtown Seattle and Mt. Rainer. 
Red Feather Development Group:  brings volunteers and tribal members together to learn strawbale building methods. / (added 09/2005)
Short Rotation Woody Crops Program: Suny Albany:   / (added 09/2005)
The Tofte Project:  An interactive website describing the earth-friendly remodeling of a 50-year-old summer cabin in the town of Tofte on the North Shore of Lake Superior. 

Renewable or Alternate Energy Publications

by
Magazines
Environmental Magazine :  new link — A bimonthly not-for-profit magazine that tracks key indicators of the Earth’s well-being, including issues of climate change, forests, agriculture, food production and population.
Roofer Magazine:  new link —US: Biomass Information Network: Marie Walsh 
The Environmental Magazine :  new link —has a great deal of ecological information. 

 

more Magazines links    

Newsgroups
Altsolarthermal:   new link
Scienergy: new link

 

more Newgroups links    

Newsletters
Biofuels News:  new link — Provides monthly updates on activities taking place with respect to the Biobased Products and Bioenergy Initiative, U.S. Department of Energy research funding in bioenergy, upcoming events, and legislative/budget updates.
Environment Daily:  new link — This monthly newsletter focuses on production and marketing issues for the ethanol and biomass industry. The publication tracks news and events, and profiles companies and people in the industry. 
Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Letter :  new link — Published by the European Renewable Energy Centres Agency. / (added 09/2005)

 

more Newsletters links   

Please suggest additional links   

Links to Research into Alternative or Renewable Energy

by
(Beer) Building Energy Efficiency Research:  A newsletter targeting the general biomass energy community, reporting on recent events, news, and feature articles. 
(Eds) Energy For Sustainable Development:  offering current new as well as the SolarQuest Virtual SchoolHouse, a system to communicate and maintain information about all aspects of solar energy technology and development. 
Aalborg University Denmark :  The science behind the news
Advanced Power And Energy Program:  is the Building Energy Efficiency Research project at the Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong. The objective of this research study is to formulate effective strategies for achieving energy efficient design in architecture and buildings.
Agricultural University Of Norway:  Our environment is an asset to be managed carefully and not an expendable resource to be taken for granted. ESD provides the specialist expertise and experience to help deliver sustainable energy solutions, ranging from support on climate change and energy policies, through to planning and design of sustainable energy systems (for buildings or communities), to the implementation of renewable energy projects.
Akf Institute Of Local Government Studies Denmark (Dk) :  Courses in wind turbines, power electronics, aerodynamics, and structural dynamics.
Ames Laboratory (US Department Of Energy) :   
Argonne National Laboratory :  A centre for expertise in agriculture and the management of natural resources and the environment.
Argonne National Laboratorys Energy Systems Division :  An analysis of the social costs and benefits of wind energy.
Ask An Earth-Scientist :   
Ask Dr Universe :  US Department of Energy’s Laboratory for basic and applied research across a wide range of science and technology. 
Australian Cooperative Research Centre For Renewable Energy:   
Beer (Building Energy Efficiency Research):   
Bioenergy Home Page:   
Biological And Environmental Research:  Murdoch University site Perth, Western Australia. ACRE brings together research capabilities and market knowledge for the commercialisation of renewable energy systems. 
Biological Process Technology Institute:  is the Building Energy Efficiency Research project at the Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong. The objective of this research study is to formulate effective strategies for achieving energy efficient design in architecture and buildings.
Biological Process Technology Institute:  University of Wisconsin Forest Products Laboratory. A resource for bioenergy, bioconversion, and bioprocess technology.
Biomass Pyrolysis Network:   
Biomass Research & Development Initiative:  at the University of Minnesota includes information about seminar series and other resources. It features a biocatalysts database for bioconversion.
Boron As An Energy Vector:  at the University of Minnesota includes information about seminar series and other resources. It features a biocatalysts database for bioconversion.
Brookhaven National Laboratory:  PyNE Aston University 
Brookhaven National Laboratory :  multi-agency effort to coordinate and accelerate all U.S. Federal biobased products and bioenergy research and development. 
Brown University:   
Building Research Establishment – Uk:   
Building Research Establishment (Bre):  US Department of Energy’s Laboratory for basic and applied research across a wide range of science and technology.  
California Fuel Cell Paternship:  Watson Institute for International Studies Project plans to incorporate green objectives. 
Centre For Research In Energy And The Environment:  Building Research Establishment – Energy Support Unit 
Centre For Research On Transportation (Crt)  :  BRE, owned by the Foundation for the Built Environment, is the UK’s leading centre for research on buildings and construction.
Chariton Valley Biomass Project:  a public/private project to demonstrate the potential for fuel cell-powered vehicles in California. 
Coal Research :  multidisciplinary research centre delivering expertise in; renewable energy, advanced water and air treatment technology, environmental sensing and environmental catalysis.
Cold Climate Housing Research Center:  A university-based multidisciplinary organisation dedicated to problems of transportation. 
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) (US Department Of Defense):   
Delft University Of Technology Institute For Wind Energy (Nl):  The International Energy Agency’s programme in coal research provides information on efficient coal supply and use. The Clean Coal Centre enhances innovation and continued development of coal as a clean source of energy. 
Ecn (Energy Research Centre Of The Netherlands):  The CCHRC facilitates the development, use, and testing of energy- efficient, durable, healthy, and cost-effective building technologies for Alaska and the world’s cold climate regions.
Ecole Polytechnique De Lausanne:   
Edison Electric Institute (Eei):   
Edison Electric Institute (Eei):  the leading institute for energy research in the Netherlands. Research at ECN is carried out under contract from the government and from national and foreign organisations and industries. ECN’s activities are concentrated in six priority areas: solar energy, wind energy, biomass, clean fossil, energy efficiency, and policy studies. (English and Dutch language).
Energy & Environmental Research Center:  Research and monitoring into building integrated photovoltaics 
Energy Conservation In Buildings Andcommunity Systems Programme (Ecbcs):  EEI is an association of electric companies, international affiliates and industry associates worldwide. 
Energy For Sustainable Development (Esd):  EEI is an association of electric companies, international affiliates and industry associates world-wide. 
Energy Research Centre Of The Netherlands (Ecn):   
Energy Science Network :  The International Energy Agency’s ECBCS programme is aimed at initiating research and providing an international focus for building energy efficiency. Tasks are directed at generic energy saving techniques and activities that support their practical application.
Enviroinfo: Environmental Information Sources:  Our environment is an asset to be managed carefully and not an expendable resource to be taken for granted. ESD provides the specialist expertise and experience to help deliver sustainable energy solutions, ranging from support on climate change and energy policies, through to planning and design of sustainable energy systems (for buildings or communities), to the implementation of renewable energy projects.
Environmental Data Services :  Biomass will be the most important source for renewable energy, products and materials in the future. ECN Biomass performs R&D in the field of advanced uses of biomass and is a consultant for policy development, technical applications and developments.
Environmental Science Resources:  Network of DOE supported centers
Environmental Sciences Division:   
Epa’s National Vehicle And Fuel Emissions Laboratory:  specialising in environmental news jobs policy
Finnish Forest Research Institute:   
Flemish Institute For Technological Research (Vito):   
Florida Propane Gas Safety Education And Research Council:   
Gas Technology Institute (Gti):  Research on forestry including wood fuel harvesting technology 
Geiger Research Institute Of Sustainable Building:  Performs applied R&D in rational use of energy.
Hr Wallingford:   
Hydrogen Research Program:  The GTI’s site offers a substantial amount of technical information on finding, producing, delivering and using natural gas. They also provide five years of marketing and economic studies on gas industry trends in the United States. 
Hydro-Québec:   
Illinois Propane Education & Research Council (Perc):  Independent research and consultancy organization specializing in civil engineering hydraulics and water environment.
Information Center For The Environment:   
Iset Institut Fur Solare:   
Kootenay Permaculture Institute:   
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory:  University of California Davis
Lighting Research Center:   
Los Alamos National Laboratory:  Information about the permaculture research and education undertaken by the institute based in British Columbia, Canada.
Louisiana State University Ag Center Louisiana Agriclimatic Information Site :   
Madscinet: The 24-Hour Exploding Laboratory :  The LRC is part of the School of Architecture at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute It was formed with the goal of changing architecture, through lighting that is energy efficient and responsive. Their web site is an objective source of manufacturer-specific performance information on efficient lighting products and other lighting efficient educational tools. 
Missouri Propane Education & Research Council:   
Mrwater Wizard :   
National Agricultural Biotechnology Council :   
National Center For Biotechnology:   
National Climatic Data Center Wind Speed Data:   
National Council For Science And The Environment:   
National Library For The Environment (Nle):   
Natural Resources Canada – Energy Sector:  Knowing where a high wind resource may exist is valuable to a wind energy project developer or potential wind energy user because it allows them to choose a general area of estimated high wind for more detailed examination. NREL identifies and gathers data for wind resource maps of the United States and foreign countries. These maps help developers or users find areas worthy of detailed wind resource monitoring.
Pacific International Center For High Technology Research (Ocean Thermal):   
Photovoltaic Testing Laboratory :   
Poplar Genetic Research:   
Propane Education & Research Council:   
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Ral):  A decision was made in November 1991 to establish a Photovoltaic Testing Laboratory (PTL) at Arizona State University (ASU) in Tempe to perform photovoltaic module qualification testing and related activities. 
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Energy Research Unit :   
Sandia National Laboratories Combustion Research Facility:   
Sandia National Laboratory :  British research institute. Interesting general information about wind power and project showcases, including offshore wind power. 
Scripps Institution Of Oceanography:  Provider of research services new and renewable energy technologies.
Solar Energy Laboratory – Uw Madison:   
Solarenergy Applications Laboratory :  Department of Defense laboratory involved in solar and wind research, located in New Mexico. 
Stanford Geothermal Program:   
Starlight Electronic Marketplace:  Located in Madison, Wisconsin
Sun·Lab:  Provider of research in solar thermal, building analysis, and HVAC systems. Colorado State University
Tata Energy Research Instiute (Teri):  Based at Stanford University, California, the Program has conducted geothermal reservoir engineering research for more than 20 years.
Technologydenmark (Dk):   
Teri (Tata Energy Research Instiute):  Sun·Lab combines the expertise of Sandia National Laboratories and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to assist industry in developing and commercializing solar thermal technologies
Texas A&M School Of Irrigation:  Autonomous, not-for-profit research institute concerned with sustainable energy and resource use 
The Uc Davis Biodiesel Study:  Autonomous, not-for-profit research institute concerned with sustainable energy and resource use 
The Uc Davis Biodiesel Study:  Research and educational programs supporting the Texas Irrigation Industry 
The University Of Arizona Cooperative Extensions Azmet  :  Research and educational programs supporting the Texas Irrigation Industry 
The University Of Arizona Cooperative Extensions Azmet  :   
The University Of Calgary Hydrogen Program:   
The University Of Newcastle Wind Turbine Group :   
The University Of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Lab  :   
Tu Berlin Aerospace Institute (D):  Home page of the University of Newcastle Wind Energy Group contains some papers online.
Uc Davis Biodiesel Study:   
United States Council For Automotive Research (Uscar):   
University Of Arizona Cooperative Extensions Azmet  :   
University Of Calgary Hydrogen Program:   
University Of California White Mountain Research Station:   
University Of Idaho:   
University Of New Mexico School Of Architecture:  University of California White Mountain Research Station
University Of New South Wales :  shares up-to-date information about biodiesel production, availability and use 
University Of Oregon :   
University Of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Lab  :   
University Of Science And Technology (Ntnu) Trondheim:  The Faculty of Built Environment includes specialist research centres covering the areas of building, construction and structure. 
University Of Wisconsin Solar Energy Lab (Sel) :  Resource site for renewable and efficient technologies, publications, contacts and Internet resources.
Usgs: Ask-A-Geologist :   
Washington State University Energy Program:  The Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering has an international reputation in building and construction engineering.
Wind Research Cooperative :  Laboratory established to educate students through research experiences in solar and conventional energy utilization.