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What is Hydrogen?

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Hydrogen is the most plentiful element on Earth and is found in combination with oxygen in water, and in organic matter including living plants, petroleum, coal, natural gas and other hydrocarbon compounds. The great attraction of hydrogen is that, once isolated, it is a clean burning fuel that produces neither carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) nor toxic emissions and can be used for electricity production, transportation, and other energy needs.

Many see a movement to a hydrogen economy as the long-run solution to the environmental and security problems associated with fossil fuels. However, before hydrogen can be used as fuel it must first be extracted from hydrogen-bearing compounds either through electrolysis or high temperature reformation of organic compounds like coal. Many of the extraction processes can create substantial pollution and so for hydrogen to be truly pollution free the extraction process must be pollution free.

If the problems of extracting hydrogen can be solved in a pollution free, cost effective manner and if technologies such as fuel cells can be made cost effective, then hydrogen has the potential to provide clean, alternative energy for a number of uses, including lighting, heating, cooling, and transportation.

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Hotlinks to Additional Internet Resources:
California Hydrogen Highway: Provider of technology education and research in the areas of biotechnology, chemistry, biochemistry, computer science, electric and computer engineering and mechanical engineering. Services are provided to multiple industries.
Cleaner Energy, Greener Profits: This Hydrogen Powered World site is run by The Clean Energy Educational Trust to promote the concept of a hydrogen-powered world. The aim is to raise general awareness of the possibility of changing the source of the world’s energy supplies from fossil fuels and nuclear power to a pollution-free energy system based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen.  Has news, views and articles about hydrogen and its role in a sustainable future.
Inflating Hydrogen Needs: Provider of energy industry consulting services. Parent/Holding company with high-tech operating units which manufacture industrial gas generation systems and fuel cells. Products and services are sold to the fuel and industrial industries.
The University Of Calgary Hydrogen Program:  E04-05, In an unpublished letter to Science, Amory Lovins points out that CalTech researchers overstated by about tenfold the amount of hydrogen that would be needed to run the U.S. economy. This continues a series of technical errors by the same group, including its famous two-order-of-magnitude overestimate of how much hydrogen might leak from a hydrogen-based energy system, ostensibly endangering the ozone layer. See E03-02 (02 February 2004).

More Hydrogen Links   

Hotlinks to Hydrogen Energy – Internet Resources

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A Hydrogen Powered World:   
A New Way To Make Hydrogen:  E-sources online description of fuel cell technology.
A Strategy For The Hydrogen Transition :  A detailed review of fuel cell technology from the Fuel Cell Commercialization Group. / (added 09/2005)
California Alternative Fuels :  E-sources online description of various types of fuel cells.
California Hydrogen Highway :  new link — Provider of technology education and research in the areas of biotechnology, chemistry, biochemistry, computer science, electric and computer engineering and mechanical engineering. Services are provided to multiple industries.
Canmet (National Resources Of Canada):  Our Mission is to develop fuel cell power as a practical alternative to internal combustion automotive engines
Centre Energetique De Lecole Des Mines De Paris :   through technology leadership.
Cleaner Energy, Greener Profits :  new link — This Hydrogen Powered World site is run by The Clean Energy Educational Trust to promote the concept of a hydrogen-powered world. The aim is to raise general awareness of the possibility of changing the source of the world’s energy supplies from fossil fuels and nuclear power to a pollution-free energy system based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen.  Has news, views and articles about hydrogen and its role in a sustainable future.
Cordis :  A new startup is trying a new way to make hydrogen with a process using stabailised sodium.
H2carsbiz:  PDF-144k — T99-07, This paper illustrates how the careful coordination of fuel-cell commercialization in stationary and transportation applications, the use of small-scale, distributed fueling appliances, and Hypercar® vehicles combine to offer leapfrog opportunities for climate protection and the transition to hydrogen (1999).
Handling Hydrogen Safely :  gov’t site
Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Resource Guide :   
Hydrogen Burner Technology Inc :   Fuel Cells and Alternative Energy Technology Branch
Hydrogen Economy: Not So Difficult—Without Nuclear Power :   / (added 09/2005)
Hydrogen Exonerated In Hindenburg Disaster :  PDF-1.5 MB — U02-02, This research paper explores the cost-effectiveness of fuel cells as an electrical generation source to provide domestic, commercial and industrial power. Cleaner Energy, Greener Profits finds that, over the next decade, the once-centralized electric power industry will evolve toward a more competitive and heterogeneous structure. In this new environment, the use of fuel cells will become economical if their proponents can capture their benefits as small, decentralized power sources. Fuel cells and other distributed generation sources require less power distribution infrastructure (wires and transformers) because they can be sited close to where power is used. They are cleaner and quieter than conventional power generation sources, so they can be located near or inside buildings where their output is used. Because fuel cells are modular and flexible in size, they don’t result in overbuilding of capacity as do large power plants. Also, they can provide power with better reliability than conventional systems (2002).
Hydrogen Production And Utilisation:  Information on R & D programs of the European Union.
Hydrogen Vehicles :  H2CARSBIZ features international news about the hydrogen economy, including its infrastructure, markets, financing, investment, car manufacturers, and hydrogen providers. It’s published by Zero Emission Energy Systems in Denmark. / (added 09/2005)
Hydrogen: The Future Of Energy :  www.hydrogenus.com / (added 09/2005)
Hypercars, Hydrogen, And Distributed Utilities: Disruptive Technologies And Gas-Industry Strategy :  www.afdc.doe.gov / (added 09/2005)
Inflating Hydrogen Needs :  new link — Provider of energy industry consulting services. Parent/Holding company with high-tech operating units which manufacture industrial gas generation systems and fuel cells. Products and services are sold to the fuel and industrial industries. T..
National Hydrogen Association Hydrogen:  PDF-136k  —  E03-07, RMI’s CEO Amory Lovins replies to a Nature article by EPRI’s Paul Grant, who claimed that a hydrogen economy would be impractical (taking too much land, capital, fossil fuel, etc.)…except with nuclear power, whose dismal economics he conveniently ignored (23 August 2003).
New Energy Solutions :  A review of the 1937 Hindenburg accident and the inaccurate blame placed upon hydrogen.
Rebuttal To Tromp Et Al’s Response In Science, Science Magazine :  Today, hydrogen is primarily used as a chemical feedstock in the petrochemical, food, electronics, and metallurgical processing industries, but is rapidly emerging as a major component of clean sustainable energy systems. It is relevant to all the energy sectors—transportation, buildings, utilities, and industry. Hydrogen can provide storage options for intermittent renewable technologies such as solar and wind and, when combined with emerging decarbonization technologies, can reduce the climate impacts of continued fossil fuel utilization.
Royal Military College Of Canada:  The Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) page on hydrogen and hydrogen-fueled vehicles.
Schatz Energy Research Center:  PDF-1.3 MB — E03-15, Public interest in hydrogen as a fuel for the future has reached an all-time high. Yet conflicting, confusing, and often ill-informed commentary accompanies the excitement. This PowerPoint presentation explains basic hydrogen facts and fallacies. This presentation was given by Amory Lovins at the Given Institute, Aspen, Colorado (06 August 2003).
The University Of Calgary Hydrogen Program:  PDF-1.5 MB — E00-25, This PowerPoint presentation informed the American Gas Association’s joint marketing/operations conference of how Hypercars’ multiple roles, in transportation and power generation, could profoundly affect fuel markets (09 May 2000).
The University Of Calgary Hydrogen Program:  new link — PDF-64k  —  E04-05, In an unpublished letter to Science, Amory Lovins points out that CalTech researchers overstated by about tenfold the amount of hydrogen that would be needed to run the U.S. economy. This continues a series of technical errors by the same group, including its famous two-order-of-magnitude overestimate of how much hydrogen might leak from a hydrogen-based energy system, ostensibly endangering the ozone layer. See E03-02 (02 February 2004).
Twenty Hydrogen Myths :   
U S  Department Of Energy Wind And Hydropower Technologies:  Val Maston’s consultancy on alternative and backup energy systems. / (added 09/2005)

More Geothermal Energy Links

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Canadian Geothermal Energy Association:  PDF-350k  —  E03-05, This documented white paper demystifies hydrogen energy, debunks popular misconceptions, and proposes a surprisingly easy, attractive, and profitable path to the hydrogen economy (23 June 2003).
Center For Resource Solutions (Crs) :  Information on the DOE wind and hydro energy program, wind power projects, wind turbine technology and research, and wind energy basics. 
Ch2m Hill :  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Climatemaster :  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Closing/Further Sources Of Information:   
Economics:  New Zealand company involved in the investigation and development of geothermal resources.
Electricity From Earths Core:  Provides a full range of integrated services for project development, planning, design, construction, operations, and maintenance of public and private industrial facilities and infrastructure.
Energycommission Geothermal Program In California:  Hot dry rock geothermal energy program in Switzerland. About the technology and the ongoing development program, including photos, maps, and diagrams. 
Environmental Impacts:  Idaho National Laboratory Report
European Deep Geothermal Energy Programme :  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Future Developments:  News article about a concept for a long, self-contained turbine shaft called a Power Tube that could tap subterranean heat without relying on geysers and steam vents. (December 14, 2001) 
Geothermal Energy:  Geothermal energy page features U.S. Department of Energy Web sites.
Geothermal Energy As An Alternative Source For Energy:  European Research Program for heat and electrical power generation from a deep enhanced geothermal system in Strasbourg, France.
Geothermal Energy Technical Site:  European informational site on geothermal energy.
Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From The Earth’s Heat:  … in Tibet, where no readily available fossil fuels exist, the Nagqu geothermal field (Tibet Autonomous Region, PRC) provides a useful energy source for the … 
Geothermal Explorers Ltd :  Explains what Geothermal Energy is, and how it can be used as an alternative source of energy. 
Geothermal Information Office :  is a trade association composed of U.S. companies who support the expanded use of geothermal energy and are developing geothermal resources worldwide for electrical power generation and direct-heat uses.
Geothermal Institute – University Of Auckland :  Hawaii’s Energy, Ocean, and Technology Resources (State of Hawaii-Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism-Energy, Resources, and Technology Division) 
Geothermal Mine Water As An Energy Source For Heat Pumps:  A Geothermal Fact Sheet that explains the uses of geothermal energy, gives advantages and disadvantages, and illustrates the basic process.
Geothermal Power Technology And Generation:  Website provides information, pamphlets, and web resources regarding U.S. Dept. of Energy’s geothermal program.
Geothermal Resources:  of the U.S. Department of Energy
Geothermal Technologies Program US Department Of Energy:  Geothermal exploration and development project: website discusses borehole heat exchangers, hydrothermal systems, and Hot-Dry-Rock system. Available in English and German languages. 
Geothermex Inc :  An international training and research centre in New Zealand.
Geothernet Geothermal Information For Europe:  Utility-scale geothermal power production employs three main technologies. These are known as dry steam, flash steam and binary cycle systems. The technology employed depends on the temperature and pressure of the geothermal reservoir. Unlike solar, wind, and hydro-based renewable power, geothermal power plant operation is independent of fluctuations in daily and seasonal weather.
History Of Geothermal:  new link — Understanding geothermal energy begins with an understanding of the source of this energy—the earth’s internal heat. The Earth’s temperature increases with depth, with the temperature at the center reaching more than 4200 °C (7600 °F). A portion of this heat is a relic of the planet’s formation about 4.5 billion years ago, and a portion is generated by the continuing decay of radioactive isotopes. Heat naturally moves from hotter to cooler regions, so Earth’s heat flows from its interior toward the surface
Introduction To Geothermal:   
Introduction To Geothermal Slide Show:  Produced by the Consumer Energy Enter, this site provides links that explain large-scale electricity production, and the direct use of geothermal energy. 
Policy:  Directories of geothermal energy development and research around Europe, journals, and worldwide conferences and events. Some Internet links. Includes basic information on geothermal energy technology. English or German. 
Renewable Northwest Project:  Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth’s core. It is clean, abundant, and reliable. If properly developed, it can offer a renewable and sustainable energy source. There are three primary applications of geothermal energy: electricity generation, direct use of heat, and ground-source heat pumps. Direct use includes applications such as heating buildings or greenhouses and drying foods, whereas ground source heat pumps are used to heat and cool buildings using surface soils as a heat reservoir. This paper covers the use of geothermal resources for production of utility-scale electricity and provides an overview of the history, technologies, economics, environmental impacts, and policies related to geothermal power. 
The Geothermal Energy Association:  Renewable energy can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce harmful pollution from energy production and consumption, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, most renewables have very different cost structures from conventional energy generating technologies, with high up-front costs and low operating costs. This is true for geothermal energy, which has high exploration and drilling costs in additional to capital plant expenses. 

Geothermal Links

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  • The origin of the word "Geothermal" is Greek.  It comes from "geo" which means "earth" and "therme" which is translated "heat".
  • Geothermal energy ultimately comes from radioactive decay in the core of the Earth, which heats the Earth from the inside out, and from the sun, which heats the surface.
  • Volcanoes and geysers are examples of geothermal energy.
  • The ancient Romans used geothermal energy to heat water in their bathhouses for centuries. They also used the water to treat illnesses and heat homes.
  • The first geothermal power plant was started in 1904 in Larderello, Italy. It is still in operation today.
  • Geothermal energy comes from the center of the earth. Its interior heat continual flows  outwards towards the surface
  • In 1864, a hotel in Oregon heated rooms using geothermal energy from underground hot springs.
  • The first geothermal power plant opened in California in 1921.
  • A professor at Ohio State University invented the first geothermal heating system in 1948.
  • Geothermal electricity is clean – no fossil fuels are burned.

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Please post a link to my site as follows:

Discover Solar Energy, a helpful portal to relevant renewable energy websites of individuals, governments and organizations.  The links are cross-referenced to help homeowners, engineers, hobbyists, teachers and students find quick answers to issues relating to alternative energy.

Contact Us with questions or to request a reciprocal link.

Living Green Links

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UK Energy Saving – The UK Energy Saving website gives information and tips on ways to save energy and also how to save money on household bills.
The Natural Step:  Since 1988, The Natural Step has worked to accelerate global sustainability by guiding companies, communities and governments onto an ecologically, socially and economically sustainable path. More than 70 people in eleven countries work with an international network of sustainability experts, scientists ,universities, and businesses to create solutions, innovative models and tools that will lead the transition to a sustainable future.
Chatter Creek Mountain Lodge Construction: Photo journal of mountain lodge construction at Chatter Creek, deep in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Follow the impossible task of building a 9300 sq. ft log building in one short summer. Editor’s note–we at Otherpower.com thought we lived in a remote area until we read this web log. Wow!
Does the Solid Waste Management Hierarchy Make Sense?: A Technical, Economic & Environmental Justification for the Priority of Source Reduction and Recycling – John Schall, October, 1992
Ten Actions for Living Green:   Ready to make choices and take action to live a more sustainable life, 365 days a year? Here are some Living Green 365 tips to get you started!
NEW  SAS PC Recycling.com – Your Online Source for FREE Computer & Electronic Recycling.  Located in Ravensdale, WA
Society For Conservation GIS:  The SCB is an international professional organization dedicated to promoting the scientific study of the phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biological diversity. The Society’s membership comprises people in the conservation and study of biological diversity: resource managers, educators, government and private conservation workers, and students.

Education – For Kids

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Kids Learn about Renewable Energy
A lesson about astronomical imaging:   
A science and technology program:  prepared by the staff of the National Wind Technology Center, tests knowledge of both the history and capability of wind energy and wind energy systems.
Adventures of Iggy Coloring Book:  The Youth Climate Change Conference (‘YC3’) is a youth-lead initiative, focused on action, alternatives, and solutions for a changing world
Alliant Energy Kid   Geothermal:  Build your own inexpensive, color, filter wheel and use it to study an image of the Crab Nebula! Discover why scientists use different filters to study astronomical images. View several images of the Sun as seen through different solar filters
Alliant Energy Kid   Hydropower:   for children in grades one through six has four distinct units for each grade level. These 24 units provide energy-related experiences in the life, earth, and physical sciences and technology while simultaneously developing critical-thinking and problem-solving skills.
Alliant Energy Kids   Wind Power:  A coloring book that teaches younger elementary students about the use and benefits of geothermal heat pumps. Print copies can be ordered by calling 1-800-626-GSHP. (Developed by the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association) 
Discovering the Principle of the Fuel Cell at Home or at School:  A math activity that teaches students about wind, including wind energy.
Dr  Es Energy Lab:  Fun ways to color Buster and drink safe water 
Easter egg anemometer :  For grades 4-8, an activity to construct a solar collector, determining how to maximize the amount of sunshine it collects. (Developed by Online Science-athon)
Electricity and Magnetism Experiments:  An online book that teaches younger elementary students about electric cars and their environmental benefits. (Developed by the U.S. Department of Energy)
Energy and Science Lesson Plans:  The Energy Information Administration Try clicking on Kids’ Page. Energy Ant as host, at first looks like it is aimed at younger children. However, the level of technical information is high enough that even adults can benefit from looking over the site. Take it on at whatever level you find yourself, it’s well laid out and well presented. Other links include “Roofus’ Solar Home”, science projects, and “Ask an Energy Expert”.
Energy Education Site:  A series of experiments designed to teach students in the grade 4 about electricity and magnetism. (Developed by the Hands-On Technology Program)
Energy Kids Page:  A coloring book that teaches younger elementary students about transportation-related air pollution. (Developed by the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Postal Service) 
Energy Kid’s Page:  California site starts with an interactive picture of a room. Move the mouse over objects to see where you can go from there. For both students and parents/teachers.
Energy Story – Ocean Energy:  students use the scientific method to examine school lighting technologies and determine if there are opportunities to save energy and money. This lesson plan was developed by the Green Schools team at Fortuna Middle School of Fortuna Union Elementary School District in Humboldt County, CA.
Energy Story – Wind Energy:  Biomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. Some of it is just stuff lying around — dead trees, tree branches, yard clippings, leftover crops, wood chips (like in the picture to the right), and bark and sawdust from lumber mills. It can even include used tires and livestock manure. 
Fun with the Sun:  US government public information document evaluating the health risks and effectiveness of ozone generating units.
Geothermal energy   Energy from the earths core :   
Global Handbook:  An online quiz to help you find ways to make your home more energy efficient. (Developed by Energy Smart Schools, U.S. Department of Energy)
Guided Tour of Wind Energy:  Energy activities for grades K-2, including those on energy conversion and conservation. (Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Hydropower   Energy from moving water:  A children’s book about how a hydro-car can save the world from pollution. (From Stonehedge Books) 
Kids Energy Page:  students increase their awareness of the impact of their choices on the Earth by studying the ecological footprint concept. They also learn how to calculate the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation of a set of data! This lesson, appropriate for grades 8-12, was written by David Casey of Analy High School of West Sonoma County Union High School District, CA.
New Mexico Solar Energy Association:  Everyone can make a pinwheel by following a few simple steps and using ordinary classroom materials. Remember, the more colorful, the more fun!
Ocean Energy-Kid’s Pge:  Basically a simplified windsock, this indicator will very quickly has your students measuring the wind’s direction.
PUZZLING AND PERPLEXING PROBLEMS:  Commonly called a "weather vane," the wind vane indicates wind direction.
Renewable Energy Activities—Choices for Tomorrow:  Kids may find "anemometer" difficult to say, but they’ll find an anemometer easy to make by following the instructions for this simple Dixie cup model.
Science Fair Projects for Kids:  Includes activities on solar energy, biomass, hydropower, and wind energy for students in grades 6-8. (Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Solar Cooking Plans:  Gardening and composting go hand-in-hand, especially in school garden projects: gardening without composting only teaches half the lesson. 
Solar Energy: Become a Sun Chef!:  new link — School gardening projects fit easily into the curriculum and enhance studies in a wide range of subjects, but they also have a special value all their own. Some schools have always had gardens, but gardens for teaching have a more recent history.  A small visitor to our garden — he was fascinated with the pots of green pepper plants (Midori Hiraga) Over the last 30 years many thousands of schools have incorporated gardening into the curriculum. With the growing experience of school gardening has come a great deal of evidence of the multiple benefits to be gained.
StarChild: A Learning Center for Young Astronomers:  Features several energy-related science fair projects for grades K-9
The Atoms Family:  A booklet featuring three projects for grades 6-12 on the use of solar thermal energy and one project on solar electric energy. (Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Wind with Miller: Activities:  new link — Famous gothic horror characters present educational activities relating to different forms of energy, as well as energy conservation, for grades K-12. (Developed by the Miami Museum of Science)

Please suggest additional links       

Education – For Teachers

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Links to Lesson Plans for Renewable or Alternative Energy
6th grade unit on magnets:  The layer of air surrounding our Earth contains important gases which keep the atmosphere at just the right temperature for life and which filter out harmful forms of radiation from the sun. We say that these gases "trap" heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and call this planetary warming mechanism the "greenhouse effect." From the Solar School
Alternative Energy Online Lesson:  The Virtual PV Power Station is unlike any other power station in Australia. Firstly, it consists of different PV systems across the country, all linked to you by the World Wide Web. Secondly, this power station doesn’t produce any of the gases that cause global warming. And thirdly, you can access the PV systems to see exactly how they are performing.  From the Solar School
Ask the commissioners!:  has 16 lessons. Alternating Current (AC) would not be possible without magnets .
Ben Wiens Energy Science Infosite :   
Biomass power:  online science unit on alternative fuels. / (added 09/2005)
Centre for Alternative Technology – Wales UK :  An international, interdisciplinary water education for formal and nonformal educators 
Classroom Energy org:   
Consumer Energy Resources:  University of Dayton  / (added 09/2005)
Driving to a Cleaner Future Lesson:   
Energy Ed Online:   
Energy Education Resources: Kindergarten Through 12th Grade:   / (added 09/2005)
Fossil Energy Lessons:  an Australian site containing a thesaurus, dictionary, encyclopedia, and a database of over 30,000 kid safe sites that are arranged by topic.
Geothermal Energy is energy from heat inside the Earth :  is a partnership — a joint effort of Government and private organizations — led by the U.S. Department of Energy. The partnership’s goals are to reduce energy consumption and costs and increase use of clean energy technologies in K-12 schools nationwide and to increase student, teacher, and community awareness of energy and related issues including financial management, air quality, climate change, and new technologies.
How People Create and Use Energy:  a statewide research institute, which dedicates substantial effort to the development of educational resources for teachers and children.
Hydoelectric energy:   
Hydro electric:  Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC)  "…dedicates substantial effort to the development of educational resources for the teachers of our children. We do this out of the simple belief that clean and efficient energy resources are key to our future generations’ ability to achieve a safe and sustainable environment." / (added 09/2005)
Hydro electricity:   
Inventors Inventions Biographies:   
Kentucky Coal Education   Lessons:  University of Wisconsin-Madison 
Kids World:  Information about how water’s mechanical energy is turned into electricity. From the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Measuring Solar Activity:  Does the Texas Railroad Commission develop an educational site.
Measuring the Distance to the Sun:   
Minerals Management Service:   
National Energy Education Development Project (NEED):  Children can get an idea about how a refinery operates and about the tools Chevron uses in the search for oil and natural gas; learn about the history and properties of crude oil; and find out what a Chevron service station is all about.
National Energy Foundation-Resources for Education:  click on EE Education, and scroll down. “What’s a Watt?” is listed as an activity for middle school level, but is good for even older students who are unfamiliar with the concept that different appliances use different amounts of electricity. Teaches by requiring investigation at home. / (added 09/2005)
Nature of Water Power Curriculum:  Investigate the cycles of the Sun with 250 years of data! Learn to recognize common features and match x-ray images of the sun with visible light images from the same day. 
Nature of Water Power The:  Investigate the shape of the Earth’s orbit based on the apparent changing size of the Sun. Is the orbit elliptical? Is it circular?
Office of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology:  hands-on science curriculum for students. 
Oil Spill Lesson:   
Paleontological Research Institution Ithaca New York :   / (added 09/2005)
Planet Earth   Solar:  provides a list of teaching material about energy, transportation, and the environment.
Planet Earth   Wind Energy:  is part of the U.S. Department of Energy. This site provides lots of nuclear energy information. / (added 09/2005)
Solar Enegy for older kids:  a video about nuclear energy that you can download ("Splitting Atoms — An Electrifying Experience"). / (added 09/2005)
Solar Energy for younger kids:  In this lesson from Science NetLinks, students will use Internet resources to investigate renewable sources of energy. The students should already have a basic understanding of energy, and know several examples of renewable and nonrenewable sources.
Solar Power is energy from the Sun :  is a service of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN). Provides a fun way to learn about solar energy and energy efficiency.
Solar Rotation:  technically oriented web presentation from the Department of Energy. 
Story Of Powering A Generation:  for teachers and students in grades 4-8.
Teachers: FREE Hands-on, Multidisciplinary Lesson Plans:  new link — Study the rotation rate of the Sun and the planets. This lesson includes several hands-on activities to familiarize yourself with the concept of rotation. You will then use movies made with actual solar images to study the rotation rate of the Sun.
The Academy of Energy website:  for high school teachers and students.
The Energy Chest:  an RE educational website. All of us here at SolarKnowledge.com are dedicated to getting the word out about solar.
The Energy Planet   Think Quest:  has an award-winning, site for anyone who wants to understand electricity and power utilities better. It’s for kids, teachers, parents – and anyone who ever wondered how the juice gets to the plug . It’s also for folks looking to learn more about current issues like utility deregulation.
The Energy Planet: Solar Power:  provides electricity basics and history, including an explanation of electricity restructuring in the United States.
The Energy Planet-Hydroelectric power :  slide and movie presentations, lesson plans, work sheets – from the Abess Center for Environmental Studies at Miami Country Day School. Introduction to solar cookers, student webcasts and international projects: see what the students are doing, see how they teach, and see how they affect others abroad.
The Nature of Water Power Curriculum:  elementary and middle school. "Teachers around the nation told us that they would like free, hands-on, multidisciplinary lesson plans in the hot area of energy…You can view complete lesson plans on-line. You can then download the plan as a PDF file and print it out." – Alliance to Save Energy.
The Story Of Powering A Generation:  provides an information-rich, action-based journey that provides valuable information, tests knowledge, enables access to outstanding teaching and learning resources, and encourages everyone to take action in terms of energy conservation.
Tidal:  new link — a treasure-trove of information and activities to support energy studies in UK schools. Energy Chest has been developed for pupils aged 8-14 years  / (added 09/2005)
Tidal energy   Energy from the sea:   
Tracking Satellites Using the Internet:   
Understanding Energy:   
US Department of Energys Office of Science:   
Using thecomputer to Measure Sunspots:  provides electricity basics and history, including an explanation of electricity restructuring in the United States.
Video tutorials:   
Walk Through a Hydro Project :   
Wave Energy:  Have you ever seen a satellite passing overhead at night? Did you wonder how high up it was? In this lesson you will obtain the period of the Yohkoh satellite from an image of its orbital path, which is updated regularly. With this information you will calculate the height of the satellite above the Earth’s surface / (added 09/2005)
Wave Power   energy from the wind on the sea:   
Wind power – Energy from the air :  Learn image-processing skills that will help you measure the size of solar sunspots. You will be able to use these skills to measure features on any electronic image. Graphics processing software is needed. Download links are provided in the lesson.
Wind Power Gathers Speed:  about solar, wind, and hydrogen power.

Please suggest additional links       

Hotlinks to Permaculture Internet Resources

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5th World Network:  "Environmental Building Design & Green Building Construction Searchable Web Portal." (July ’01) / (added 09/2005)
A Definition Of Permaculture:  provides networking and education for individuals and communities interested in sustainable development, permaculture, and bioregional resource protection.  / (added 09/2005)
A further explanation of Permaculture:  To paraphrase the founder of Permaculture, designer Bill Mollison:. Permaculture principles focus on thoughtful designs for small- scale intensive systems .. / (added 09/2005)
A Permaculture Designer’s Checklist:  by Food & Trees for Africa / (added 09/2005)
About Permaculture:  by Rene & Lorraine van Raders / (added 09/2005)
Around the world: Permaculture :  by Jocelyn Collins / (added 09/2005)
Australia: Permaculture:  From ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service located in Fayetteville, AR / (added 09/2005)
Australian Correspondence Schools:  From ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service located in Fayetteville, AR / (added 09/2005)
Australian Permaculture-More than organic gardening:  offers courses in Permaculture and other aspects of sustainability / (added 09/2005)
Berg-en-Dal:  Australian Permaculture Gardens. How you can create an oasis around your house. / (added 09/2005)
Building a square foot garden:   / (added 09/2005)
CAN THIS HOME BE GREENED?:   / (added 09/2005)
Central Rocky Mountain Permaculture Institute:  new link — The LA Eco-Village, an intentional community in the heart of Los Angeles, encompasses a two-block area of older apartment buildings (see “Design for Life,” January/February 2003). Recently, Eco-Villager Lois Arkin asked for Natural Home’s input on the eco-rehab of a building that Eco-Village recently purchased. Bimini Terrace is a two-story, eighty-year-old, eight-unit Mediterranean Revival building. It has a wood-frame structure, flat parapet roof, and stucco exterior finish. The building faces east, with a lawn in front and detached garages in back. The south side faces a wide, sunny alley, and the north side is close to an adjacent apartment building. / (added 09/2005)
Central Rocky Mountain Permaculture Institute design consult teach:   / (added 09/2005)
Central Rocky Mountain Permaculture Institute, Basalt, Colorado:  .. a Permaculture training, counseling, research and development center. The Institute is part of an alliance of Permaculture activists on the cutting edge .. / (added 09/2005)
Characteristics of permaculture:  Permaculture training in the Colorado Rockies or the Bahamas. Also consulting. / (added 09/2005)
Comfortably Off the Grid:   / (added 09/2005)
Composting:  new link — Drawn together by their mutual questioning of architecture’s conventional party line and their search for holistic living alternatives, architects Ken Haggard and Polly Cooper have been designing passive solar buildings on California’s central coast for decades. In the late 1970s, the couple recycled buildings to create a home and office complex on an old trout farm just north of San Luis Obispo, where they broadened their practice to include sustainability issues such as the life-cycle impact of materials and the use of small buildings, healthy building materials, and permaculture. But when a wildfire plowed through Los Padres National Forest in 1994, burning 40,000 acres and leveling the complex, Ken and Polly were able to take a good hard look at their own lifestyle.  / (added 09/2005)
Composting for small farms:  Garden guides often describe composting as "nature’s way" of recycling. Not so — you just don’t ever find large amounts of organic matter with the correct carbon-nitrogen ratio, water content and aeration carefully piled up by bears or gorillas working away in the forests with a compost fork and a watering-can, leaving it cooking away at high temperatures and emitting jets of steam. Nature doesn’t make compost. Nature mulches / (added 09/2005)
Composting indoors:   / (added 09/2005)
Composting resources:   / (added 09/2005)
Crazy Palestinians Permaculture Page:   / (added 09/2005)
Crystal Waters:  Information on permaculture (including its ethics and principles), where to take permaculture courses, and other links. / (added 09/2005)
David Holmgren:  village in Australia designed in 1985 by Eco-Logical Solutions.  / (added 09/2005)
Edible Ecosystems in Sustainable Agriculture:  David Holmgren was the research student and co-originator with Bill Mollison, his research supervisor, of the permaculture concept. / (added 09/2005)
Feeding the world?:  study of permaculture in Britain by Graeme Sherrif, 2001. Includes case study photographs and information.  / (added 09/2005)
Feet On the Ground:  "Feeding the world?" Quietly, slowly and very significantly, sustainable agriculture is sweeping the farming systems of the world — Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex, examines the myths and realities of sustainable farming’s quiet revolution. / (added 09/2005)
First Straw:  A floor made of dirt, you say? Far from being dusty, this leather-like material is comfortable, durable, and an eco-friendly addition to any home.  / (added 09/2005)
Garden pond:  Hanuman Bertschy trod where no Virginian had gone before when she built a straw bale home on an ashram just outside of Charlottesville. / (added 09/2005)
Green Mountain Permaculture:   / (added 09/2005)
Greenmountain Permaculture:  Teaches and practices permaculture design on the shores of Lake Champlain in northern Vermont. Site also offers a photo galley of projects and articles. / (added 09/2005)
Humanure:  new link — Teaches and practices permaculture design on the shores of Lake Champlain in northern Vermont. Site also offers a photo galley of projects and articles. / (added 09/2005)
ibiblio: Permaculture:   / (added 09/2005)
Instituto de Permacultura Cerrado-Pantanal:   / (added 09/2005)
International Institute for Ecological Agriculture:  Good collection of permaculture information resources, with special focus on projects, courses, people, and newsletters in Brazil. (English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages) / (added 09/2005)
Intro to Permaculture:  Information, reading list, and links on permaculture and community-supported agriculture. / (added 09/2005)
Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources:  Permaculture Visions International is a leader in Permaculture by Distance Learning, with students from Alaska to Outback Australia. Permaculture is about .. / (added 09/2005)
Klein Karoo Sustainable Drylands Permaculture Project:   / (added 09/2005)
Kootenay Permaculture Institute:  Klein Karoo sustainable drylands permaculture project is a permaculture eco-village in South Africa / (added 09/2005)
KOOTENAY PERMACULTURE INSTITUTE education in organic agriculture:  Information about the permaculture research and education undertaken by the institute based in British Columbia, Canada. / (added 09/2005)
Laakea Permaculture Gardens:  Kootenay Permaculture a centre for research, design, consulting, education apprenticeship, sustainable living organic agriculture agro forestry in British .. / (added 09/2005)
Making compost:  Offers month-long courses in permaculture design and deep ecology. / (added 09/2005)
Natural Home Natural Community :   / (added 09/2005)
Naturewise Permaculture and Forest Gardens:  It is great to live in a natural home, and it is wonderful to see more and more of them. But what about the context of these natural homes? Are they also located in natural communities or natural neighborhoods? Very few are, I expect. Many of us have a dream of living in a sustainable, healthy community—a “natural community.” What can we do to make the dream a reality? / (added 09/2005)
No ground? Use containers:  About programs in London, UK, promoting permaculture and forest gardens, including courses on permaculture. / (added 09/2005)
Organic Gardening will Feed the World:   / (added 09/2005)
Permacult Project:  "The truth, so effectively suppressed that it is now almost impossible to believe, is that organic farming is the key to feeding the world." — "Biotech has bamboozled us all — Studies suggest that traditional farming methods are still the best", The Guardian, August 24, 2000 / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture:  holistic design system working in harmony with and imitating nature to produce healthy food crop and a sustainable community.  / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture & Outdoor Education:  Permaculture Academy of Brittany. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture and Sustainable Architecture:   / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Association (Britain) – Designing for Sustainability:   / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Credit Union:  Provides information about the association, courses, UK links and general permaculture information. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture defined:  Permaculture Credit Union – the first financial institution based on the ethics of permaculture – care for the earth, care for the species, and sharing the .. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture defined:  From ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service located in Fayetteville, AR / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Definition:   / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Education-Djanbung Garden:  by Geoff Lawton / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture founder Bill Mollison:  for information about Djanbung Gardens Australia’s leading permaculture .. Permaculture Education at Djanbung Gardens is proud to be one of the first .. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture From Down Under:  Interview of Mill Mollison om In Context / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture in Mexico:  Introduction to permaculture in hot climates. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture in New Zealand:  activities, contacts, articles, and more. In Spanish and English.  / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Institute:  Information about the world of permaculture in New Zealand. Site also has event listings and a question and answer forum. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture International:  Our Institute’s mission statement is the promotion of sustainable system design known as Permaculture, through education, publishing, translation, implementation, the development of curricula, and the establishment and administration of aid projects. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture International Ltd:   / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Internationals:  Publisher Permaculture International Journal, now a networking organization connecting permaculture groups and activists as well as offering an electronic newsletter. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Melbourne:  Permaculture International Limited (PIL) provides services to members in ..PIL wishes to update Permaculture International’s Global Directory of Pc .. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Principles:  Enabling people to establish productive environments providing for food, energy, shelter, material and non-material needs. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture resources :  by Frank & Vicky Giannangelo / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Sustainable Futures:   / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture The Earth:  new link — Environmental planning and design for permaculture and ecologically sound village designs. Australia. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Visions:  Offers information about sustainable design and interactive forums for the discussion of topics related to permaculture. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture Visions International:  Australian permaculture school, which teaches by correspondence.  / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture.co.za:  Worldwide Permaculture School and support network with students in over 20 countries. Collection of writings and ideas about permaculture. Offers permaculture courses by distance learning. / (added 09/2005)
Permaculture: Method of Agriculture, Way of Life:  A personal website, with information about permaculture and other related issues. It also includes "The diary of a landless farmer." / (added 09/2005)
PermacultureNet !:  Article describes the permaculture philosophy, outlines its history, and discusses prospects for its future. From Catalyst, a student magazine at Brown University. / (added 09/2005)
PermAgro The Permaculture Research Institute Denmark:  Permaculture training in the Colorado Rockies or the Bahamas. Also consulting. / (added 09/2005)
Philosophical and Practical Overview of Permaculture:  A non-government organization to research sustainable agriculture in a cold temperate climate, teach people the basics of permaculture, and promote the importance of seed saving. Provides information on different types permaculture. / (added 09/2005)
PIW – Home:  project explores permaculture as a viable alternative.  / (added 09/2005)
Planetary Permaculture Directory:  Welcome to the Permaculture Information Web, a growing resource of Permaculture information created by and for the people who use it. .. / (added 09/2005)
Plant spacing guides:   / (added 09/2005)
Quindalup Permaculture Farm:   / (added 09/2005)
Robert Hart’s Forest Garden:  a place to visit for information and practical tips on permaculture and sustainable agriculture.  / (added 09/2005)
SEED International Home:  A small celebration of Robert’s forest garden at Wenlock Edge, described as ‘possibly the UK’s only fully developed Permaculture Project.’ / (added 09/2005)
Simply Lush:  permaculture, permaculture designs course, hands-on permaculture workshop, community food systems, local food, city farms, community gardens, ecodesign, .. / (added 09/2005)
Sustainability as Seen from a Vegetable Garden:  By working with nature’s cycles, James Stark and Penny Livingston have created a veritable Eden in the heart of Point Reyes, California. / (added 09/2005)
The Crazy Palestinians Permaculture Page:  The site is an honours thesis completed in 1999. It looks at urban sustainability as highlighted by community gardens in Sydney, Australia. / (added 09/2005)
The ethics of permaculture:  Information on permaculture (including its ethics and principles), where to take permaculture courses, and other links. / (added 09/2005)
The First Straw:   / (added 09/2005)
The Food Forest:  Hanuman Bertschy trod where no Virginian had gone before when she built a straw bale home on an ashram just outside of Charlottesville. / (added 09/2005)
The Permaculture Project:  A 40-acre permaculture demonstration, and production property at Gawler South Australia. Offers consulting services, learning courses, information, and tours. / (added 09/2005)
The practical application of permaculture:  Promotes true self-reliance for all through personal and customized consultation, research, design, implementation, workshops and seminars. / (added 09/2005)
The principles of permaculture design:   / (added 09/2005)
U of Missouri-Columbia Water-Efficient Gardening & Landscaping:   / (added 09/2005)
United States: Permaculture:  Gather ideas for plants to use in low water use zones by observing native plants along roadsides or other undisturbed areas. / (added 09/2005)
Vermicomposting:  From ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service located in Fayetteville, AR / (added 09/2005)
Weeds or Wild Nature?:   / (added 09/2005)
What is Permaculture?:  1997 article by David Holmgren, one of the co-founders of the permaculture movement, discusses the evolution of ideas related to environmentally progressive responses to weeds and pests, with particular focus on Australia. / (added 09/2005)
What is Permaculture?:  by Kirby Fry / (added 09/2005)
When to sow what:  by James Neill / (added 09/2005)
Yes, Organic Farmers Can Feed the World:   / (added 09/2005)

Comprehensive List of Planned Communities

by
Abundant Dawn :   "Organic farming could produce enough food to feed large populations, according to British scientists at the Festival of Science in Sheffield." — "Organic farming can ‘feed the world’", BBC Science, September 14, 1999 / (added 09/2005)
Cities for Climate Protection:  Near Floyd Virgina / (added 09/2005)
CoHousing:  The Cities for Climate Protection program of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives offers a framework for local governments to develop a strategic agenda to reduce global warming and air pollution emissions, with the benefit of improving community livability. / (added 09/2005)
Dancing Rabbit:   / (added 09/2005)
Earth Auroville:  An ecovillage set amid the hills and prairies of rural northeastern Missouri. Our goal is to live ecologically sustainable and socially rewarding lives, and to share the skills and ideas behind that lifestyle.  / (added 09/2005)
Earthaven :   / (added 09/2005)
Eco-village Challenge:  Earthaven Ecovillage is an aspiring ecovillage in a mountain forest setting near Asheville, North Carolina. We are dedicated to caring for people and the Earth by learning, living, and demonstrating a holistic, sustainable culture.  Since 1995, we have grown to 60 full members–from young children to a great-grandmother–and we expect to grow to 150 people. We are building homes in 14 neighborhoods and developing on-site businesses as part of our own village-scale economy. / (added 09/2005)
Experiments in  Sustainable Urban Living:  by Robert Gilman, from In Context issue 29 / (added 09/2005)
Federation of Canadian Municipalities – Partners for Climate Protection
:  in Portland, Oregon / (added 09/2005)
Federation of Egalitarian Communities :  PCP is a national program of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities that brings municipal governments together to reduce the local production of greenhouse gas emissions. / (added 09/2005)
Fellowship for Intentional Community :  a network of income sharing egalitarian communities. / (added 09/2005)
Findhorn:  a great place to find out about all sorts of intentional communities. / (added 09/2005)
GreenCommunitiescom:   / (added 09/2005)
La’akea Permaculture Gardens:   / (added 09/2005)
Lost Valley :  25-acre permaculture demonstration farm, which offers month-long residential programs in Permaculture Design and Deep Ecology.  / (added 09/2005)
Oregon Rural Action:  Community and education center in Oregon / (added 09/2005)
Sandhill Farm  :  Oregon Rural Action is a long term, multi-ethnic organization whose mission is to support and encourage community organizing around locally identified issues, with a shared vision of creating a healthy, democratic, and just society. ORA’s members and community groups work to promote social justice, agricultural and economic sustainability, and stewardship of the region’s land, air and water.  / (added 09/2005)
Sirius :   / (added 09/2005)
Skyhouse is a member of the Federation  of Egalitarian Communities:  Community with ecological focus in Massachusetts / (added 09/2005)
The Eco-village Challenge:   / (added 09/2005)