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BioEnergy:

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Corn makes an excellent biomass power source. This is because corn packs a serious amount of energy in each kernel. When used with a heating system, they produce as much heat as traditional furnaces, but at a much lower cost.

Biomass corn energy is produced using dry shelled corn as the power source. Unlike the edible variety, the corn does not have to be of high quality stock. Pretty much any shelled corn will do so long as it is dry and free of husk fibers.

Corn is turned into heat for a home much the same way as wood. The process involves a fired stove with corn being used instead of wood. If you’re picturing standing in the snow with a shovel, you will be happily disappointed. These days, shelled corn is delivered to your home where it is stored in a tank. As the heating system requires additional fuel, a thermostat senses the loss in temperature and opens a door in the storage tank. A pre-set amount of corn falls into the furnace and, ta da, you have more fire and more heat. The heat is then piped into the home through the same duct system used with an electric heating system.

Algae as BioMass Links

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Biodiesel from Algae, Powered by Geothermal – It begins with algae or oil seed being nourished by the sun, … The biomass is added to alcohol, where it is mixed with the vegetable oil and heated with …

PetroSun moves into final stage of testing for algae-based biofuel – PetroSun moves into final stage of testing for algae-based biofuel … The testing is carried out by Algae BioFuels, a wholly owned subsidiary of PetroSun. …

Links to BioDiesel Information

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  • Biodiesel is a vegetable oil-based fuel that runs in diesel engines – cars, buses, trucks, construction equipment, boats, generators, and oil home heating units.
     

  • It’s usually made from soy or canola oil, and can also be made from recycled fryer oil (yes, from McDonalds or your local Chinese restaurant). You can blend it with regular diesel or run 100% biodiesel.
     

  • Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. Four million gallons of used cooking oil is thrown away each year in the US. There are some used cooking oil recyclers that pay for used cooking oil.
     
  • Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics.
     
  • Blends of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (B20) can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines; however, users should consult their OEM and engine warranty statement.
     
  • Salt is ten times more toxic than biodiesel. 
     
  • Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines without major modifications, and may increase engine life.
     
  • Biodiesel is a solvent which will clean out the petrol diesel deposits in the fuel tank and fuel lines. It will also soften some rubber compounds.

Overview BioFuels

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Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass.  Biofuels help meet transportation fuel needs. Biofuels can be used in cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains.

The most common types of biofuels are biodiesel, ethanol and methanol.

  • Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol, like methanol with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases.  As an additive to gasoline (typically 20%), biodiesel has successfully reduced vehicle emissions. In its pure form, it can be used in diesel engines.
     
  • Ethanol  (CH3CH2OH) is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses). So, ethanol is an alcohol, the same as in beer and wine.  Just to let you know that the ethanol used as a fuel is modified to make it undrinkable.

    Ethanol is mostly used as blending agent with gasoline to increase octane and cut down carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions.  A new class of vehicles that can run on a mixture of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol are commercially available.

    Ethanol made from cellulosic biomass materials instead of traditional feedstocks (starch crops) is called bioethanol.
     

  • Hydrogen (H2) is the simplest and lightest fuel. Hydrogen is in a gaseous state at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperatures. Hydrogen may contain low levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, depending on the source.
     
  • Methanol (CH3OH) also known as wood alcohol, is produced from biomass. Biomass is converted to methanol through gasification.
     
  • Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that remains in the atmosphere for approximately 9-15 years. Methane is over 20 times more effective in trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 100-year period and is emitted from a variety of natural and human-influenced sources. Human-influenced sources include landfills, natural gas and petroleum systems, agricultural activities, coal mining, stationary and mobile combustion, wastewater treatment, and certain industrial process.

    Methane is also a primary constituent of natural gas and an important energy source. As a result, efforts to prevent or utilize methane emissions can provide significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. In the United States, many companies are working with EPA in voluntary efforts to reduce emissions by implementing cost-effective management methods and technologies.

Hotlinks to General Information – Biofuel Internet Resources

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10% Campaign announced 31/07/01:  "Tonight, I am launching the 10% Campaign – a campaign to produce 10% of the UK’s transport fuel from 10% of our farmland, by 2010. The proposal is feasible and would make an enormous difference to our rural economy, our air quality and our energy supplies"  This was how Peter Clery, the Chairman of the British Association of Biofuels and Oils (BABFO) opened a parliamentary reception hosted by Lord Palmer in the House of Lords last night. The reception was being held to boost the political campaign for a further reduction in excise duty for the biofuels, bioethanol and biodiesel.
A fair deal for Transport and the Environment:  Chancellor Gordon Brown announced today an affordable and targeted series of measures to help modernise road transport and increase choice for access to cheaper motoring for people who need to use their cars, while continuing to protect the environment.  With the duty freeze, the package for consultation would cut haulers’ costs by the equivalent of 8 pence per litre in the price of diesel and motorists’ costs by the equivalent of 4 pence per litre in the price of petrol in Budget 2001.
Absolute Alcohol Using Glycerine:   
Accelerating the Shift to A Carbohydrate Economy: The Federal Role :  In June 2000 the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 (PL 106-224) became law. Title III of that law, referred to as the Biomass R&D Act of 2000, established the Biomass Research and Development Board. A Technical Advisory Committee was established to advise that Board. This Committee was charged by Congress to submit an annual report to the Secretaries of Energy and Agriculture. That report was submitted in January 2002. A minority report was included. This paper echoes the language and perspective and summarizes the recommendations of the minority report
ACE (American Coalition for Ethanol):  ACE is an organization that promotes the use of ethanol for its clean burning abilities. Their large web site features ethanol related legislation updates, news, publications and links. 
Agri Fibres and Bioenergy
Alternatives to Fossil Fueled Engine/Generators:  new link — Fixing what’s broken
American Coalition for Ethanol (ACE)
:  ACE is an organization that promotes the use of ethanol for its clean burning abilities. Their large web site features ethanol related legislation updates, news, publications and links. 
Apparatus for the Continuous Manufacture of Absolute Alcohol
Bio energy List Archives:  searchable, this is one of the lists I archive.
Biochemical Sources of Fuels:   
Biodiesel Association of Australia:  Part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy outreach activities.
Biodiesel gets a start. 9/03/2001:  "An initial start but quite inadequate to bring forward the environmental potential of the fuel" was how BABFO Chairman Peter Clery described Chancellor Gordon Brown’s Budget announcement that biodiesel would qualify for a 20p per litre tax rebate.. This will mean a tax on biodiesel of about 25p to come into effect a year from now. ( Road gas fuels enjoy a tax rate of around 10p per litre.) Pilot Project proposals are also being invited for bio ethanol but no tax rates for this fuel have yet been indicated.
Biofuels :  new link — How can you say you’re environmentalists?" asked a local skeptic in Hong Kong. "Your Land Rovers aren’t green at all — one runs on leaded petrol and the other’s a dirty diesel."  "Um," we said, thinking fast… "but if everyone had cars like ours, there’d be no need for roads."
Biofuels And Agriculture — A Factsheet For Farmers
Biofuels and the Future 25/11/01:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils. The most important consideration in an assessment of the potential for a technology is to relate it to the future, not the present and, even less, the past.
Biofuels are overhauling gas fuels in the popularity stakes. 25/06/03:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Biofuels Breakthrough 6/07/04:  All the powers necessary for the government to introduce a Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation are now in place. The Energy Bill 2004, given Royal Assent, contains all the provisions necessary to bring in legislation, which would require the oil companies to sell a given proportion of their annual fossil fuel sales as biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas).
Biofuels for Sustainable Transportation (US Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy):  
Biofuels From Switchgrass: Greener Energy Pastures
Biofuels from Trees: Renewable Energy Research Branches Out
Biofuels: Food or fuel?:  A common objection to biomass energy production is that it could divert agricultural production away from food crops in a hungry world — even leading to mass starvation in the poor countries. True or not?  Not true: at best it’s an oversimplification of a complex issue. It just doesn’t work that way, and neither does hunger.
Butterfield Still — Farm-scale ethanol fuel production plant:   
Canadian Renewable Fuels Association:  dedicated to development and promotion of biomass-based, environmentally beneficial transportation fuels, particularly ethanol and biodiesel.
Carbohydrate Economy: Making Chemicals and Industrial Materials from Plant Matter-Executive Summary (1993) :  A groundbreaking report on the environmental and economic benefits of making industrial products from plant matter.
Consultation on ultra low carbon transport – 24/09/03:  BABFO membership includes those from the practical disciplines of agriculture and forestry, rural contracting and agricultural banking. Our comments are therefore based on practical experience, which may not be available from other consultees listed as attending the seminar on June 27th 2003 . On the assumption that you wish your work to have practical effect, we hope our observations will be helpful.
Convert Your Car to Alcohol:   
Cornmeal Adsorber for Dehydrating Ethanol Vapors:   
Current and Potential Biodiesel production:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Does Ethanol Use Result in More Air Pollution? :  While gasoline prices have captured the recent headlines, another transportation fuel crisis remains unresolved. A new report by David Morris and Jack Brondum argues that ethanol should replace MTBE in our nation’s gasoline.
Emissions from Liquid Biofuels.:  This study updates the life-cycle emissions from biodiesel and fossil diesel that were calculated by ECOTEC in 1999. The study’s objective also reviews information on the tailpipe emissions from bioethanol, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquid petroleum gas (LPG).  ECOTEC made use of new data compiled by Levington Agriculture on oil seed rape production and improvements in performance in the energy efficiency of fertiliser plants. The energy efficiency of fertiliser production has improved by 74% since the ETSU study and yields of oilseed rape are 27% higher than those used by ETSU. These data were used to update the life-cycle analysis of biodiesel. 
Energy balances in the growth of oilseed rape for biodiesel, and of wheat for bioethanol.:  Energy balances in the growth of oilseed rape for biodiesel and of wheat for bioethanol.
Ethanol Producers and Consumers (EPAC):   
European Association for Renewable Energies:   
European Biodiesel Board (EBB):  To promote the use of biodiesel in the European Union 
European Biomass Industry Association:   
Extreme Samoa – Coconut Oil BioDiesel:  Extreme Samoa promotes the use of coconut oil as a substitute to diesel in power generations. Tim Jones and company have successfully modified generators to use coconut oil and are now promoting its use starting with small communities around the world. 
Fats and Oils: a General View:    new link —
Financial and Environmental Impact of Biodiesel as an Alternative to Fossil Diesel in the UK.:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Forest Engineering Research Institute:  Harvesting Canada
Free Cooking Fuel:  Almost anyone, anywhere can get it, with just a tiny bit of effort.
Fuel From Sawdust:   
Fuel Injection Equipment (FIE) Manufacturers (Delphi, Stanadyne, Denso, Bosch) statement on biodiesel quality:   
Governor’s Ethanol Coalition:   
Green Fuel challenge:   In the longer term, the challenge will be to achieve cleaner, greener road transport. Ultimately it will be for industry to rise to the challenge of developing profitable alternative fuels and related technologies. Therefore, in the run up to Budget 2001, the Government will invite British industry to develop proposals for practical alternative fuels. Following consideration of these proposals the Chancellor will announce major reductions in duty rates for the most promising environmentally friendly alternative fuels.
Green Fuel Challenge 15/12/2000:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Green Motor Fuel Gets Green Light:  Today, the Government "invited industry to develop practical proposals for alternative environmental-friendly fuels and will announce major reductions in duty rates for the most promising of these fuels in Budget 2001."  " I warmly welcome this encouraging statement from the Chancellor". That is how Peter Clery, Chairman of the British Association for Biofuels and Oils greeted the Chancellor’s announcement.  "I have no doubt whatsoever" said Mr. Clery, ‘that BIO DIESEL and BIOETHANOL will rapidly emerge as the prime candidates for duty rebates. Given the appropriate level of duty, industry will move quickly to organize production resulting in a rapid increase in the use of these fuels. This will lead cleaner air and a sound sustainable source of environmentally friendly road fuel"
Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Ethanol vs MTBE :  This report compares greenhouse gas emissions of MTBE and ethanol.
History of Woodgas:  "Woodgas" is my name for the various gases that can be easily made from wood or biomass.  Various forms are: synthesis gas, typically 40% hydrogen, H2, 40% hydrogen, 3% methane, and 17% Carbon dioxide; producer gas, made by gasifying biomass with air (and therefore containing ~50% nitrogen); pyrolysis gas, similar to synthesis gas, but including lots or water and tar and accompanied by production of 10-30% charcoal.  
How Much Energy Does it Take to Make a Gallon of Ethanol?:  A report demonstrating ethanol production as a positive net energy generator.
How Much Energy Does It Take to Make a Gallon of Soy Diesel?:  new link — This study answers the question of how much energy it takes to grow soybean feedstock and process it into soy diesel (biodiesel) and compares that to how much energy is contained the final products.
I Heat my House by Burning Corn:  An alternative to heating with wood.
Intensive Field Trial of Ethanol/Petrol Blend in Vehicles
Jean Pain: France’s King of Green Gold:   
Kinetics of Palm Oil Transesterification in a Batch Reactor
Kinetics of Transesterification of Soybean Oil
Labour applies brakes to oilseed opportunities 21/04/2001:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Assessment of RME 02/08/2001:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Liquefaction:   
Liquid biofuels for Road Transport 13/12/03:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Looking Before We Leap: A Perspective on Public Subsidies for Burning Poultry Manure :  At the state and national levels, policymakers are considering providing handsome subsidies for the burning of poultry manure to generate electricity. This policy brief examines the issue, questioning the public subsidies and exploring the comparative costs and applicability of different manure handling techniques.
MAFF’S BIODIESEL BOOB 21/04/2001:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Making and Testing a Biodiesel Fuel Made From Ethanol and Waste French-Fry Oil:   
Manual for Home and Farm Production of Alcohol Fuel:  
Methane Digesters For Fuel Gas and Fertilizer — With Complete Instructions For Two Working Models:   
Michigan BioMass Energy Program:   
Micro Cogeneration: 21st Century Independent Power — How to Design and Construct Your Own Independent Power System
:   
Modelling of Biodiesel Reaction:   
Monitoring a Progressing Transesterification Reaction by Fiber-Optic Near Infrared Spectroscopy with Correlation to 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy:   
Mother Earth Alcohol Fuel:   
MTBE Crisis and the Future of Renewable Fuels, The :  Testimony given by David Morris before the U.S. Senate Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee on April 11, 2000.
National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition:   
Nebraska Ethanol Board:   
Nepal Biogas Plant — Construction Manual:   
Netherlands Bio-energy Association:   
NEW Biodiesel Handbook 11/02/05:  This is the comprehensive handbook for biodiesel users, producers and other interested people from science, technology, agriculture, energy research and environmental politics. roughly one thousand scientific articles and patents on biodiesel are reviewed covering feedstocks, process technologies, fuel properties, quality specifications, exhaust emissions, environmental impacts and non-energy uses.
NIR Helps Turn Vegetable Oil into High-Quality Biofuel
Northeast Regional Biomass Program (NRBP):  one of five Regional Biomass Energy Programs established and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. 
Optimization of a Batch Type Ethyl Ester Process
Palm Oil as a Fuel for Agricultural Diesel Engines: Comparative Testing against Diesel Oil:   
Poplars and Willows on the WWW:  University of Washington
Production and Testing of Ethyl and Methyl Esters
Put a chicken in your tank:   
Rapid Monitoring of Transesterification and Assessing Biodiesel Fuel Quality by Near-infrared Spectroscopy Using a Fiber-Optic Probe:   
Replacing Petrochemicals with Biochemicals: A Pollution Prevention Strategy for the Great Lakes Region (1994) :  Biochemicals offer both environmental and economic advantages over petrochemicals. This report provides a detailed look at biochemical substitution strategies for a variety of industrial products.
Review: Utilization of Rapeseed Oil, Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester or Diesel Fuel — Exhaust Gas Emissions and Estimation of Environmental Effects:   
Separating Ethanol From Water:   
Seven Sisters — Great Oil Companies and World They Made:  
Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program (SERBEP):  encourages economic development through public/private partnerships that demonstrate bioenergy technology applications. 
Southern Africa:  South Africa Sustainable Forest Development
Straighter-than-straight vegetable oils as diesel fuels)
Study of Energy crops for Heat and Power 22/09/03:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Submission for Biodiesel & Bioethanol to the UK Government 19/02/2001:  British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils
Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press:   
SVO emissions bibliography:   
Switchgrass   Chariton Valley Biomass Project:  
The Butterfield Still — Farm-scale ethanol fuel production plant:   
The Carbohydrate Economy: Making Chemicals and Industrial Materials from Plant Matter-Executive Summary (1993) :  A groundbreaking report on the environmental and economic benefits of making industrial products from plant matter.
The Fats and Oils: a General View:   
The Fuel story:  BIODIESEL a solution to pollution
The Manual for the Home and Farm Production of Alcohol Fuel:  
The Modelling of the Biodiesel Reaction:   
The Seven Sisters — The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made:   
The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press:   
The UC Davis biodiesel study:   
Transesterification Process to Manufacture Ethyl Ester of Rape Oil:   
Turkey Manure Problem and the Fibrowatt Solution, The :  An ILSR memo on a proposed state subsidy in Minnesota to the Fibrowatt Company of the United Kingdom during the 1999 Legislative session.
USDA Agricultural Research Service Biofuels program :  The ARS Biofuels Research Program is an investment in an alternative future for United States Agriculture
Veggie Van:   
Why Should Minnesotans Subsidize the Burning of Poultry Manure? :  This testimony by David Morris was presented before the Minnesota House Regulated Industries Subcommittee on February 16, 2000.
Wood Alcohol:   
Wood gas as engine fuel:  The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Wood-Ethanol Report: Technology Review:   
Wood-to-Oil Process:   
Woody Crops:  Operations Working Group – A Private and Public Partnership Short Rotation

What is BioGas?

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Biogas is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic digestion. Since biogas is a mixture of methane (also known as marsh gas or natural gas, CH4) and carbon dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment. Anaerobic digestion is basically a simple process carried out in a number of steps that can use almost any organic material as a substrate – it occurs in digestive systems, marshes, rubbish dumps, septic tanks and the Arctic Tundra. Humans tend to make the process as complicated as possible by trying to improve on nature in complex machines but a simple approach is still possible, as I hope you see in some of the links below. As methane is very hard to compress I see its best use as for stationary fuel, rather than mobile fuel. It takes a lot of energy to compress the gas (this energy is usually just wasted), plus you have the hazard of high pressure. A variable volume storage (flexible bag or floating drum are the two main variants) is much easier and cheaper to arrange than high pressure cylinders, regulators and compressors.

Hotlinks to Geothermal Energy Internet Resources

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2001 University Research Summaries:   
A Study Of Production/Injection Data From Slim Holes And Large-Diameter Wells At The Okuaizu Geothermal Field, Tohoku, Japan:  new link — Design and build PEM fuel cells, zero emission vehicles, and solar hydrogen power systems. Also contains hydrogen fuel cell FAQ and related information.
Aangstrom Strategic Inc:   
American Geothermal Inc :   
Canadian Geothermal Energy Association:  PDF-350k  —  E03-05, This documented white paper demystifies hydrogen energy, debunks popular misconceptions, and proposes a surprisingly easy, attractive, and profitable path to the hydrogen economy (23 June 2003).
Center For Resource Solutions (Crs) :  Information on the DOE wind and hydro energy program, wind power projects, wind turbine technology and research, and wind energy basics. 
Century Drilling And Energy Services (Nz) Limited :  Our government actually does have an interest in clean Hydrogen fuel..this is the DOE’s Hydrogen Network homepage. 
Ch2m Hill :  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Climatemaster :  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Closing/Further Sources Of Information:   
Deep Heat Mining:  Provider of geothermal heat pump heating and cooling systems for commercial and industrial process, water heating and/or cooling applications.
Design Considerations For Artificial Lifting Of Enhanced Geothermal System Fluids, July 2005 — 769kb Pdf:  Information about the Canadian Geothermal Energy Association, its members, directors and their on-going projects. Also, a description of geothermal resources in general and specific to Canada. Online bibliography of information about geothermal resources in Canada 
Development Of New Geothermal Wellbore Holdup Correlations Using Flowing Well Data March 2004:  dedicated to promoting renewable energy and economic and environmental sustainability; administers national and international programs (such as Green-e) that preserve and protect the environment through the design of sustainable energy strategy..
Economics:  New Zealand company involved in the investigation and development of geothermal resources.
Electricity From Earths Core:  Provides a full range of integrated services for project development, planning, design, construction, operations, and maintenance of public and private industrial facilities and infrastructure.
Energy & Geoscience Institute (Egi) :  new link — Oklahoma company providing water source geothermal heat pump technology for residential and commercial applications.
Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy Network (Eren) :  Our intention has been to provide the reader with a balanced overview of the utility-scale geothermal power industry. We believe clean, reliable power can be developed from renewable resources, with geothermal power making an important contribution. Examples from the U.S. geothermal sector have been used to illustrate the costs, benefits, policies, and trends in geothermal energy today. What follows is a list or further resources available on the worldwide web to allow the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the potential of geothermal power and the issues surrounding its development. We urge the reader to seek further understanding of these issues, and the means to their resolution, in order to support the progress of geothermal energy in providing clean, reliable, and economic power. 
Energycommission Geothermal Program In California:  Hot dry rock geothermal energy program in Switzerland. About the technology and the ongoing development program, including photos, maps, and diagrams. 
Environmental Impacts:  Idaho National Laboratory Report
European Deep Geothermal Energy Programme :  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Finding Hidden Geothermal Resources In The Basin And Range Using Electrical Survey Techniques – A Computational Feasibility Study December 2004 :  The commercial viability of geothermal power production is influenced by capital costs for land, drilling, and physical plant; operating and maintenance costs; the amount of power generated and sold from the plant; and the market value of that power. However, because geothermal power plants incur high capital costs at the beginning of the project, they are typically at an economic disadvantage to conventional fossil fueled power plants. Fossil fuel plants have lower up-front capital costs, but incur fuel costs for the life of the plant. This section discusses capital cost, operating and maintenance cost, average cost of power production over the life of the plant (known as the levelized cost of power production), as well as the economic impacts of geothermal power such as labor creation, tax base contributions, and balance-of-trade impacts.
Future Developments:  News article about a concept for a long, self-contained turbine shaft called a Power Tube that could tap subterranean heat without relying on geysers and steam vents. (December 14, 2001) 
Geothermal Development Associates :  A not-for-profit research organization at the University of Utah performs basic and applied research in geothermal exploration, reservoir delineation, drilling and logging, and production.
Geothermal Energy:  Geothermal energy page features U.S. Department of Energy Web sites.
Geothermal Energy (Europe):  Funding opportunities, contacts, related web sites and overview of geothermal energy in California. 
Geothermal Energy (Tibet):  new link — Geothermal power plants do have some environmental impacts. However, these impacts should be balanced against geothermal energy’s advantages over conventional power sources when conducting assessments of power plant project environmental impacts. The primary impacts of geothermal plant construction and energy production are gaseous emissions, land use, noise, and potential ground subsidence.
Geothermal Energy As An Alternative Source For Energy:  European Research Program for heat and electrical power generation from a deep enhanced geothermal system in Strasbourg, France.
Geothermal Energy Association:  Idaho National Laboratory Report
Geothermal Energy In Hawaii:  Renewable energy technology is continuously evolving with the goal of reducing risk and lowering cost. The goal of the geothermal industry and the U.S. Department of Energy is to achieve a geothermal energy life-cycle cost of electricity of $0.03 per KWh.58 To achieve the goal of lowering cost and risk, other types of nontraditional resources and experimental systems are being explored. Among these are hot dry rock resources, improved heat exchangers, and improved condenser efficiency.
Geothermal Energy In Hawaii :  Developers of clean geothermal energy projects worldwide.
Geothermal Energy Program- US Department Of Energy :  List of internet links that deal with Geothermal Energy. 
Geothermal Energy Technical Site:  European informational site on geothermal energy.
Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From The Earth’s Heat:  … in Tibet, where no readily available fossil fuels exist, the Nagqu geothermal field (Tibet Autonomous Region, PRC) provides a useful energy source for the … 
Geothermal Explorers Ltd :  Explains what Geothermal Energy is, and how it can be used as an alternative source of energy. 
Geothermal Information Office :  is a trade association composed of U.S. companies who support the expanded use of geothermal energy and are developing geothermal resources worldwide for electrical power generation and direct-heat uses.
Geothermal Institute – University Of Auckland :  Hawaii’s Energy, Ocean, and Technology Resources (State of Hawaii-Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism-Energy, Resources, and Technology Division) 
Geothermal Mine Water As An Energy Source For Heat Pumps:  A Geothermal Fact Sheet that explains the uses of geothermal energy, gives advantages and disadvantages, and illustrates the basic process.
Geothermal Power Technology And Generation:  Website provides information, pamphlets, and web resources regarding U.S. Dept. of Energy’s geothermal program.
Geothermal Resources:  of the U.S. Department of Energy
Geothermal Technologies Program US Department Of Energy:  Geothermal exploration and development project: website discusses borehole heat exchangers, hydrothermal systems, and Hot-Dry-Rock system. Available in English and German languages. 
Geothermal: Heat Escaping The Earth Can Produce Electricity:  Alliant Energy site providing basic educational information to anyone interested in learning about geothermal heating and cooling technologies.
Geothermex Inc :  An international training and research centre in New Zealand.
Geothermics :  Buildings and Industry. Geothermal Mine Water as an Energy Source for Heat Pumps. Download PDF Download PDF. Summary. 
Geothernet Geothermal Information For Europe:  Utility-scale geothermal power production employs three main technologies. These are known as dry steam, flash steam and binary cycle systems. The technology employed depends on the temperature and pressure of the geothermal reservoir. Unlike solar, wind, and hydro-based renewable power, geothermal power plant operation is independent of fluctuations in daily and seasonal weather.
History Of Geothermal:  new link — Understanding geothermal energy begins with an understanding of the source of this energy—the earth’s internal heat. The Earth’s temperature increases with depth, with the temperature at the center reaching more than 4200 °C (7600 °F). A portion of this heat is a relic of the planet’s formation about 4.5 billion years ago, and a portion is generated by the continuing decay of radioactive isotopes. Heat naturally moves from hotter to cooler regions, so Earth’s heat flows from its interior toward the surface
Inside The Greenhouse :  EERE’s Geothermal Technologies Program works in partnership with U.S. industry to establish geothermal energy as an economically competitive contributor to the U.S. energy supply. 
Introduction To Geothermal:   
Introduction To Geothermal Slide Show:  Produced by the Consumer Energy Enter, this site provides links that explain large-scale electricity production, and the direct use of geothermal energy. 
Mea: Energy Sources-Renewable-Geothermal Energy:  Geothermal energy consulting company provides exploration, engineering, assessment and development of geothermal energy resources worldwide.
Parametric Sensitivity Study Of Operating And Design Variables In Wellbore Heat Exchangers May 2004:  International journal devoted to the research and development of geothermal energy.
Policy:  Directories of geothermal energy development and research around Europe, journals, and worldwide conferences and events. Some Internet links. Includes basic information on geothermal energy technology. English or German. 
Renewable Energy Information: Geothernal:  People have used geothermal resources in many ways, including healing and physical therapy, cooking, space heating, and other applications. One of the first known human uses of geothermal resources was more than 10,000 years ago with the settlement of Paleo-Indians at hot springs.
Renewable Energy Source: Geothermal:  An EPA Global Warming Newsletter highlighting State and Local activity related to climate change.
Renewable Northwest Project:  Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth’s core. It is clean, abundant, and reliable. If properly developed, it can offer a renewable and sustainable energy source. There are three primary applications of geothermal energy: electricity generation, direct use of heat, and ground-source heat pumps. Direct use includes applications such as heating buildings or greenhouses and drying foods, whereas ground source heat pumps are used to heat and cool buildings using surface soils as a heat reservoir. This paper covers the use of geothermal resources for production of utility-scale electricity and provides an overview of the history, technologies, economics, environmental impacts, and policies related to geothermal power. 
Rock Mechanics And Enhanced Geothermal Systems: A Doe-Sponsored Workshop To Explore Research Needs October 2003:   
State Geothermal Resource Maps:  Deep below the earth’s surface, natural processes generate heat (some scientists believe … 
Temperature At Depth Maps For The Continental United States:  Idaho National Laboratory Report
The Geothermal Energy Association:  Renewable energy can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce harmful pollution from energy production and consumption, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, most renewables have very different cost structures from conventional energy generating technologies, with high up-front costs and low operating costs. This is true for geothermal energy, which has high exploration and drilling costs in additional to capital plant expenses. 
The Geothermal Energy Technical Site:   
Virginia Tech Geothermal Data:  People have always been fascinated with volcanoes
Waterfurnace :  Geothermal Energy Technology 
What Is Geothermal Energy?:  Idaho National Laboratory Report

Hotlinks to Hydropower Energy Internet Resources

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2004 Energy Projects:  is a trade association composed of U.S. companies who support the expanded use of geothermal energy and are developing geothermal resources worldwide for electrical power generation and direct-heat uses.
Abb Alston Power :  of the U.S. Department of Energy
About Dams  United States Society On Dams:  Geothermal resource data for the southeastern U.S. through the Regional Geophysics Laboratory; summary of geothermal resources, technology, and potential of geothermal heat pumps in the southeastern U.S. 
Abp Marine Environmental Research Ltd:  
Basics On Hydropower:  The term geothermal comes from the Greek geo meaning earth and therine meaning heat thus geothermal energy is energy derived from the natural heat of the earth. The earth’s temperature varies widely, and geothermal energy is usable for a wide range of temperatures from room temperature to well over 300° F. For commercial use, a geothermal reservoir capable of providing hydrothermal (hot water and steam) resources is necessary. Geothermal reservoirs are generally classified as being either low temperature (<150° C) or high temperature (>150° C). Generally speaking, the high temperature reservoirs are the ones suitable for, and sought out for commercial production of electricity. Geothermal reservoirs are found in “geothermal systems” which are regionally localized geologic settings where the earth’s naturally occurring heat flow is near enough to the earth’s surface to bring steam or hot water to the surface. Examples of geothermal systems include the Geysers Region in Northern California, the Imperial Valley in Southern California, and the Yellowstone Region in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.  / (added 09/2005)
Bc Hydro Environment Web Site:  new link — As Japan has so many volcanoes, it is called Volcano Islands. Deep down in the core, there is magma with enormous potential energy. Geothermal power generation is to extract and use the part of this energy in the form of steam.
Bc Hydro International Ltd:   
Bonneville Power Administration Bpa:  Water Power: Hydroelectric Power, Wave Power, and Tidal Power. 
Bureau Of Reclamation Hydropower Program:  Belgian firm providing expertise in power generation systems and equipment, as well as financial packages, project management and insurance, operations and maintenance contracts, training, retrofit and repowering services. / (added 09/2005)
Canadian Hydropower Association (Cha):   
Canyon Industries Inc:   
Case Studies Of Small Hydro Systems :   
Dam Reservoir Impact & Information Archive: Driia:  A crown corporation in the process of developing environmental standards and practices for B.C.’s unique landscape. 
Dammed Deregulation: How Deregulation Of The Electric Power Industry Could Affect The Nation’s Rivers :  As one of the largest electric utilities in Canada, BC Hydro serves more than 1.6 million customers in an area containing over 94 per cent of British Columbia’s population. BC Hydro endeavors to provide energy solutions to its customers in an environmentally and socially responsible way by balancing British Columbians’ energy needs with the concerns of the environment.
Doe Hydrogen Program Solicitations :  A very interesting site actually 
Dongfang Electrical Machinery Company Limited:  new link — U.S. government agency. General information including the history of hydropower development, a glossary of terms, and major producers. 
E7 Network:  This trade association is dedicated to representing the interests of the Canadian hydropower industry. The site shares the history of hydropower, explains how hydropower works, and provides recent news about the industry. It also includes several publications on topics such as the environmental impact of hydropower and its future. / (added 09/2005)
El Dorado Irrigation District Ferc Project 184 Relicensing:  manufacturing custom and standard hydroelectric turbines, stressing durability, efficiency, ease of installation, and long life.  / (added 09/2005)
Electricity From Hydropower:  Website featuring publications on European hydro systems by the European Commission including U.K. Garnedd Hydropower Station.
Esi Engineering & Construction Group :  Information on dams, water diversions, impoundments, and hydroelectric projects, their impacts, and related links. 
European Commission Directorate-General Xvii (Energy) :  Paper by Charlie Higley against electricity deregulation and dams. / (added 09/2005)
Facts About Hydropower:  US Department of Energy’s list of partnerships and funding solicitations for hydrogen research and development projects.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission :  Dongfang Electrical Machinery Company Limited(DFEM). The Group’s principal activities are the manufacture of mechanical and electrical equipment, production of mining plant equipment and spare parts, technical reform of power plants, manufacturi..
Federal Power Act:  international electric utilities consortium focusing on protection of the global environment, sustainable energy development, and climate change issues.
Frequently Asked Questions – Hydro Electric :  new link — Documents associated with the hydroelectric relicensing project, primarily located in the El Dorado National Forest in California. Includes calendar, scientific studies, and a list server for project information. 
General Power Engineering Associates(Gpea) :  Describes small-scale hydroelectric technology (portable to 15 kilowatts, stationary from 50 kilowatts to 5 megawatts) utilizing new high efficiency (84%) cross-flow turbines, available from FINESA, Inc., Prague, Czech Republic. 
Great Lakes Power Limited:  International company specializing in custom combined cycle and diesel thermal plants.
Green Mountain Power Corporation:  Manager of programs centering on transEuropean networks, technological development and innovation in the European Union.
H2o Power:  Information about the world’s leading renewable energy source. / (added 09/2005)
Hands Off Hydro:   / (added 09/2005)
Harbin Power Equipment Company Limited:  Statutory framework for the U.S. regulation of the construction, operation, and maintenance of dams, water conduits, reservoirs, powerhouses, and transmission lines related to the utilization of water resources. 
Hoover Dam Visitor’s Center :  Website of Jade Mountain Access Company based on buying product according to clients needs. Products include solar fountain pumps.
How To Calculate The Power Available From A Hydroelectric Generator:  new link — Provider to hydropower industry of studies, designs, generation and component supply. / (added 09/2005)
Humming Bird Electronic Load Controller / Induction Generator Controller – Jan Portegijs:  hydroelectric utility in Northern Ontario. 
Hydro Electric Overview:  Green Mountain Power Corporation. The Group’s principal activity is to supply electrical power energy to retail and wholesale customer in the state of Vermont. The customers of the Group include residential customers, small and large commercial ..
Hydro Information Systems Turbnpro Version 3 Software:  Hydroelectric technology that has applications in wave energy, tidal waters, adds on to increase power output and new dam designs.  / (added 09/2005)
Hydro Québec:  facts on the fight to save BC Hydro from deregulation and privatization.
Hydro Research Foundation:  Harbin Power Equipment Company Limited. The Group’s principal activities are the manufacture of steam and hydro turbine generator sets. Other activities include manufacturing of boilers and valves, provisions of engineering services as well as r..
Hydroelectric Licensing Process Improvement Act Of 1999 (S 740) :  Official website for Hoover Dam. Information provided about construction, how it works, and how to take a tour.
Hydroelectric Power:   
Hydroelectricity:   
Hydropower:  Basic information and FAQs about small systems, provided by the Jade Mountain company. 
Hydropower:  Software for the selection of hydroelectric turbines. Determines preferred turbine size, type, and arrangement from site data. Predicts the performance and energy production for the site.  / (added 09/2005)
Hydropower Facts:  publicly owned electric utility that generates, transmits and distributes most of the electricity consumed in Québec.
Hydropower In Hawaii:  U.S. organization that promotes hydropower by facilitating research and providing educational opportunities. Includes public information. 
Hydropower Information:  Provider of legislative , congressional record, and committee information including Library of Congress links, text of bills and major legislation.
Hydro-Power Plants Research Group:  The California Energy Commission provides this web page. 
Hydropower Reform Coalition:  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 
Hydropower Reform Coalition :   
Hydropower: Energy For Maine’s Future:  The IEA Hydropower Agreement is a working group of governments and industry, which intends to provide objective, balanced information about the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower. On this web site you can find information about the positive and negative social and environmental effects of hydropower, about hydropower in general, and about the IEA Hydropower Agreement. / (added 09/2005)
Hydroserv Group  Above Water And Below Water Dam Services:   / (added 09/2005)
Idaho Power Company :  Hawaii’s Energy, Ocean, and Technology Resources (State of Hawaii-Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism-Energy, Resources, and Technology Division)  / (added 09/2005)
Industrial Screen Products:  from the Bureau of Reclamation Power Program. 
Inforse (International Network For Sustainable Energy):   
International Centre For Hydropower:  Federal, state, and local conservation and recreation organizations working to reform policies and achieve improvements to rivers altered by dams with resources for citizen participation in the relicensing process. 
International Economic Platform For Renewable Energies :  Coalition of national, state, and local conservation and recreation organizations working to reform national hydropower policies and upgrade rivers altered by hydropower dams.
International Small Hydro Atlas:  Some facts about hydropower in Maine:
L&S Electric:  Dam and hydroelectric power plant safety, rehabilitation and modernization, operations and maintenance, construction, field and underwater inspection and restoration services. 
Lake Murray Saluda River Columbia South Carolina Dam Re Licensing:  A subsidiary of IDACORP Inc., providing electric service to Idaho and parts of Oregon and Nevada. Operate hydro and coal-fired plants, and offer consulting services.
Low Impact Hydropower Institute :  Product and contact information for manufacturer of wire fish screens that prevent entrainment, injury, or death of targeted aquatic species by physically stopping fish from entering a water intake.   
Manitoba Hydro:  INFORSE provide news and information on the implementation of sustainable energy solutions. Worldwide NGO network formed at the Global Forum in Rio in 1992 with 200 member organizations worldwide. 
Micro Hydropower :  Promoting the development and utilization of Norwegian hydropower resources
Micro~Hydroelectric Powerplants (Flow & Head Measurement Speed Control Turbines):  Provider of information and free emails regarding renewable energies in Europe including solar, hydropower, wind, and bioenergy.
Micro-Hydropower Systems: A Buyers Guide – Natural Resources Canada:  provider of engineered systems, especially hydroelectric services. Also offers rotating apparatus repair, electric motor service, electrical equipment, and field services 
Microhydropowernet :  Resources for citizen involvement in the re-licensing of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Project 516. 
Model For Tennessee Rivers Adapted To Montana Project :  Nonprofit organization dedicated to reducing environmental impacts of hydropower by creating a standard for consumers to evaluate hydropower as an energy source.
Mountain Energy Inc:  electric utility in the province of Manitoba, Canada. 
National Hydropower Association:  Wim Klunne’s international microhydro web portal includes discussion forum, expert database, business directory, and literature and internet links on microhydro. / (added 09/2005)
New Mexico Energy Conservation And Management Division :   / (added 09/2005)
New Technology In Hydro Power:  Information about run-of-the-river systems up to 300 kilowatts. Includes the microhydro discussion group, microhydro basics, and links.  / (added 09/2005)
Newfoundland & Labrador Hydro:   
North American Hydro Inc :  gives an overview of issues related to micro hydropower including the theory, news, case studies, and discussion forum. 
Oceanic Energy Sources:  Provider of nationwide information, news, products, articles, and events calendar regarding sustainable renewable energy.
Paradigm Technologies :  full service hydroelectric development and operations firm with additional expertise in data collection system design, manufacture, and installation.
Pinecrest: An Adventure Living Off The Utility Grid:  U.S. trade association. A comprehensive site containing policy information, relicensing information, and generally promoting industry interests. 
PlatypUS Power Micro Hydro Turbines :  Provider of programs and information for state agencies, companies and individuals in New Mexico.
Power Matters Hydroelectric Power:   
Power Technologies Inc :  electric utility owned by the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. 
Protect Idaho Rivers:  Manufacturer of electric gate control for vertical or horizontal gate shaft applications in older, manually controlled hydro plants.
Pump Turbines Threaten Fisheries Of Lakes Russell And Thurmond:  Alternative Energy Institute Home Page This site seeks to educate the public about the impending non-renewable energy crisis and the possible solutions to the crisis. You will learn why fossil fuels and nuclear energy will not meet the needs of an ever-expanding world population. You will also learn the value of traditional renewable energy resources, new energy resources, and the transition to sustainable energy resources. 
Renewable Energy Information: Hydro:  Protection, control and automation specialists. Clients include mining, power generation and pulp and paper industries.
Rutherford Creek Project:  Detailed information and pictures on my hydroelectric system and earth sheltered home. 
Saint Lawrence Fdr Power Project Relicensing:  Designer of micro-hydroelectric turbines, battery chargers and control equipment.
Scottish Hydro Electric:  Tennessee Valley Authority site with a description and diagram of a generic hydroelectric dam and a pumped storage facility. 
Snake Dams:  Provider of power engineering consulting services, engineering software and hardware products and education services. Services are provided to utilities, power companies and independent power producers. Private capitalized this company ..
Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Authority:  Information about dam relicensing and related issues on Idaho rivers including the Salmon, Snake, Bear, Moyie, and Boundary Creek. 
Solar Hydrogen Energy Corporation Labs :  Photographs and descriptions of problems caused by pump turbines.  / (added 09/2005)
Story Of A Water Wheel:   
Tamar Designs :  Proposal for a small-scale, run-of-river, hydroelectric development in British Columbia. 
Tennessee Valley Authority:  Description of the project, the relicensing process, and a newsletter about the relicensing process. 
The Bc Hydro Environment Web Site:  part of Scottish and Southern Energy, using the power of nature to generate electricity.  / (added 09/2005)
The Humming Bird Electronic Load Controller / Induction Generator Controller – Jan Portegijs:  Collected stories from the Tri-City Herald about the controversy surrounding the possible breaching of the Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little Goose, and Lower Granite dams on the Lower Snake River in Washington State. 
The Hydro-Power Plants Research Group:  integrated water and hydroelectric power scheme that includes 7 power stations and sixteen major dams. 
The Impacts Of Hydro-Electric Energy On The Boreal Forests Of Canada  :  Have developed a water splitting technology that produces hydrogen from water and sunlight with zero pollution.
The International Centre For Hydropower:  Waterwheels have been used since ancient times to grind corn and also to raise water. The great waterwheels of Hama in Syria have raised water for over a thousand years. They serve as superb examples of a technology so elegantly simple that it becomes totally dependable. Flowing water was used to turn the wheel and water held in buckets on the rim was lifted to great heights to spill over into channels, which irrigated the land further away. These great wheels where often built to huge proportions, because water was raised on their rims.  / (added 09/2005)
The Story Of A Waterwheel:  Design, manufacture and repair hydroelectric turbines and pumps, from 0.1kW to 1MW.
Three Gorges Probe:  Located in Knoxville, Tennessee / (added 09/2005)
Toronto Hydro:  A crown corporation in the process of developing environmental standards and practices for B.C.’s unique landscape. 
U S  Doe Hydropower Program:   
Universal Electric Power Corp (Uep) :   
University Of Wales Swansea Micro Hydro Power Research Group :  More and more hydro-dams to feed increasing USA demand for cheap electricity are causing ecological and social havoc in Canada’s Boreal Forests. –
Voest-Alpine Mce Gmbh :  Promoting the development and utilization of Norwegian hydropower resources
Water Alchemy :  Waterwheels have been used since ancient times to grind corn and also to raise water. The great waterwheels of Hama in Syria have raised water for over a thousand years. They serve as superb examples of a technology so elegantly simple that it becomes totally dependable. Flowing water was used to turn the wheel and water held in buckets on the rim was lifted to great heights to spill over into channels, which irrigated the land further away. These great wheels where often built to huge proportions, because water was raised on their rims. 
Water Wheel Factory:  Information about the scientific, technical, economic, social, and environmental effects of completing the Three Gorges dam in China, as well as the alternatives to the dam.  / (added 09/2005)
Waterpower:  municipal distribution utility owned by the City of Toronto.  / (added 09/2005)
Waterturbinecom :  Information about hydroelectric power, state resource assessments, technology research and development, environmental concerns, and advanced hydropower turbines.  / (added 09/2005)
Waterwheel Project – Runnerduck:  Manufacturer of turbine/generating systems for hydroelectricity.
Wind & Hydropower Technologies Programs:  Supplier of computer program containing information including feasibility studies and optimization of micro-hydro power installations.
Wsk Technik: 

Additional Links to Wind Power Resources

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American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) :  A nonprofit organization that promotes wind power. Excellent source of news on projects and growth of wind energy in the USA as well as the world. Joining their mailing list discussion group for small wind energy systems is a must if you are considering putting up a wind turbine.

American Wind Energy Association (AWEA):  Since 1974, AWEA has advocated the development of wind energy as a reliable, environmentally superior energy alternative in the United States and around the world. AWEA’s Green Power Factsheets provide answers to basic questions about Green Power, including what it is, the rationale for purchasing it, and procedures for buying it.

Ampair, UK:  We hope you can spare some time to look through our pages.
Our products give you your own independent electricity source, whether for work, home or leisure.
The Energy is Natural, Clean, Quiet, Non-Polluting and it’s FREE.

Atlantic Orient, Canada:  Our focus is production of the worlds most reliable industrial-sized wind turbine. We believe that using simple, robust technology is the key to successful installation of wind turbines in remote locations.

AWEA Wind Turorial:  An AWEA website offering a comprehensive overview of all aspects of wind power including: Wind Basics, Offshore Wind,Costs, Industry Statistics, Small Wind Systems, Wind Energy and the Economy, Policy Issues, and the Environment.

BayWinds, USA:  Bay Winds is a wind energy company that markets the Jacobs line of small wind turbines. There are five models represented here–from 10 to 20 kw. This site explains the grid interconnect wind machine and now the stand alone/hybrid design.

Bergey, USA:  Bergey Windpower is the world’s leading supplier of small wind turbines. With installations in all 50 U.S. States and more than 90 countries, and an international network of ~ 600 dealers, we have the products and experience to put the wind to work for you.

Bornay, Spain:  Spain’s largest wind energy dealer.

CanWEA :  is the Canadian Wind Energy Association, and has good resources about wind systems.

Cape Wind:  The Cape Wind Website explains the details, challenges, successes, and news updates of America’s first proposed off-shore wind project on the Nantucket Sound.

CYCLONE, China/Canada:  The Cyclone is our exclusive line of wind turbines with a low wind speed rated output.

Endless Energy:  Endless Energy is a Maine wind farm development company dedicated to developing clean, renewable wind energy, promoting economic development, and reducing our dependence on imported fossil fuels.

EnergyRefuge:  EnergyRefuge.com provides alternative energy news, environmental articles, and energy saving tips.

ENTEGRITY WIND SYSTEMS, Canada:  Welcome to Entegrity Wind Systems Inc. (EWSI), manufacturers and distributors of the EW15 wind turbine.

Eoltec, France:  Eoltec is an experienced engineer owned, Wind Energy Systems designer and manufacturer Cie, focused on the development and production of medium size wind turbines (6 to 300kW). Started early 2001 with location in Nice/France, Eoltec’s target is to provide to customers an up-to-date and cost effective solution to bring maximum power out of wind.

EPRI’s Wind Energy Program:  The Electric Power Research Institute’s Renewable Technology Options & Green Power Marketing Highlights.

Flowtrack, Australia:  The Flowtrack Wind Turbine is a 5KW, up wind, horizontal axis, two bladed machine. Completely designed and manufactured in Australia, the Flowtrack combines the computerised aerofoil design of the blades from Newcastle University, with extremely robust inductive generation.

GUAL INDUSTRIE, France/Spain:  The totally silent mechanism of the StatoEolian, combined with its compact and robust structure allows an integration in all terrains and environments. This is why its now possible to integrate it into an urban surrounding. Everyone will be able to have their own source of 100% renewable energy within the comfort of their own home.

IWEA:   is the Irish Wind Energy Association, and provides news and wind resources.

KESTREL, South Africa:  Kestrel Wind Turbines is a fully black empowered South African company that actively supports equal opportunity. The factory is situated in the industrial area of Jet Park near to Johannesburg International Airport, Gauteng.

LVM, UK:  Formed in 1973 LVM specialises in products for use with low voltage DC power supplies. Our guiding philosophy has been to ensure that a UK company can design, manufacture and distribute products both in home and world markets. It is of prime importance that we respond to the changing needs of our customers, ensuring that the quality of our products meets the most exacting standards, offering technical help and advice whenever it is required.

Marlec, UK:  Marlec was formed in 1979 by our founder John Fawkes who subsequently received a wind energy pioneer award from the British Wind Energy Association. As an engineer he was asked to investigate methods of keeping batteries topped up on farms to operate electric fence units.

Michael Klemen’s Small Wind Website:  Michael Klemen conducts research on 4 small wind turbines and posts performance data on line, as well as audio and video information. Research papers, articles, and data acquistion information give thorough detail on wind resources and power production.

MIKE’s WINDMILL SHOP, USA:  Welcome to Mike’s Windmill Shop! We strive to bring you high quality products at a great price! We pride ourselves in our friendly and prompt customer service. We offer wind generators, charge regulators, tower plans, blades, permanent magnet alternators. We are always adding something new so check back often to see what we have.

Minnesotans for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ME3) :  Provides many pages of wind energy information, including a wealth of links research and other organizations, wind industry companies, federal government resources and wind energy publications and miscellaneous information.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory:  DOE’s laboratory for renewable energy research located near Golden, Colorado

National Wind Coordinating Committee (NWCC):  A U.S. consensus-based collaborative formed in 1994, NWCC identifies issues that affect the use of wind power, establishes dialogue among key stakeholders, and catalyzes appropriate activities to support the development of an environmentally, economically, and politically sustainable commercial market for wind power. NWCC members include representatives from electric utilities and support organizations, state legislatures, state utility commissions, consumer advocacy offices, wind equipment suppliers and developers, green power marketers, environmental organizations, and state and federal agencies.

National Wind Coordinating Committee:  The NWCC website including publications, member listings, working groups, and wind events.

National Wind Technology Center :  is a US government program that supports wind research and development.

National Wind Technology Center  :  is operated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy. The National Wind Technology Center’s focus is on research and technology transfer. It is designed not only to be a center for research, but a technology magnet for a new industry.

North Carolina Solar Center Wind Programs:  The North Carolina Solar Center offers research, reports, and various wind programs focused in Eastern North Carolina, including an Anemometer Loan Program.

North Carolina State Energy Office:  The State Energy Office is North Carolina’s lead agency for energy programs and services and is the official source for energy information and assistance for consumers, businesses, government agencies, non-profit organizations, schools and policy-mak

North East Wind Energy, USA:  Unique tower designs…

NRG Systems, Inc.:  NRG Systems, Inc. has been providing wind monitoring equipment since 1982. Their website gives an overview of their product line as well as basic wind energy information.

OTHERPOWER.COM, USA:  We are a group of alternative energy enthusiasts who want to spread the message that It’s EASY to make your own power FROM SCRATCH! Otherpower.com’s headquarters is located in a remote part of the Northern Colorado mountains, 15 miles past the nearest power pole or phone line. All of our houses and shops run on only solar, wind, water and generator power…not because we are trying to make some sort of political or environmental statement, but because these are the only options available. And we refuse to move to town.

Paul Gipe’s Archive of Artices on Small Wind: 

Proven, Scotland:  Proven Energy Ltd is a family owned business based in Stewarton in south-west Scotland which manufactures and installs wind turbines and solar photovoltaic (electric) panels. Established in 1980 with expertise in mechanical, electrical and control engineering, Proven has been manufacturing renewable energy machinery since 1991.

RENEWABLE DEVICES/SWIFT TURBINES, Scotland:  Renewable Devices have developed the Swift Rooftop Wind Energy System™, the worlds first silent, building-mountable wind turbine.

RENEWABLE DEVICES/SWIFT TURBINES, Scotland:  Renewable Devices have developed the Swift Rooftop Wind Energy System™, the worlds first silent, building-mountable wind turbine.

Renewable Resource Data Center (RReDC):  Provides information on several types of renewable energy resources in the United States, in the form of publications, data, and maps. An extensive dictionary of renewable energy related terms is also provided. The News section announces new products on the RReDC, which is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy’s Resource Assessment Program and managed by the Photovoltaics Technology Division of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

ROPATEC, Italy:  Vertical axis machines.

SAMREY, UK: As concern over Global Warming increases, the cost of fuel increases and the natural resources of the world diminish, many people are turning to small scale power generation using energy from the wind, sun and water.

Scoraig Wind Electric, Scotland:  A fantastic Scotish website devoted to helping you build your own turbine.

Small Wind In North Carolina:  American Wind Energy Association website for small wind information specific to N.C.

Synergy, Hong Kong:  Synergy is an integrated renewable energy resources company which engineers the most economical and sustainable power solutions for remote areas all over the world. SPC has designed systems for villages, schools, clinics, telecommunications sub-stations, over flight beacons, religious buildings, demonstration sites, grid boosting, water pumping, grid peak shaving, grid interactive systems, and many other applications.

The Alternative Windmill :  site offers sketches of a Savonius windmill water pumper that is in use in Australia.

The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA):  AWEA is a national trade association that represents wind power plant developers, wind turbine manufacturers, utilities, consultants, insurers, financiers, researchers, and others involved in the wind industry.

The American Wind Energy Association :  is a national trade association that advocates the development of wind energy as a environmentally-friendly renewable energy source.  Their website contains a wide variety of information on wind energy, publications and events.

The American Wind Power Center:  located in Lubbock, TX, is dedicated to the preservation of American-style windmills.   Currently, there are 50 rare, unusual and beautiful windmills in the indoor exhibit and additional windmills covering the 28 acres of the Windmill Park.

True Winds:  True Winds offers services including wind resource modeling, site identification, permitting, wind resource assessment, wind turbine layouts, energy production forecasts, transmission screening analysis, interconnection engineering, photo simulations, noi

U.S. Department of Energy’s Wind Energy :  page includes publications databases, information on wind turbines and wind-related inventions and more. 

US Department of Energy Wind Power Program:  The DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program.

WCOM Community Radio, home of the Home Power Hour:  WCOM is grassroots community radio. Listen online. Check out the Home Power Hour.

WESTWIND, Australia:  Westwind is an internationally renowned manufacturer of high quality and robust 3kW, 5kW, 10kW and 20kW wind turbines. Westwind have supplied turbines, towers and turbine controllers for use in many different applications around the world since 1984.

Wind and Agriculture: USDA Farm Bill Section 9006:  The USDA Farm Security and Rural Investment Act to provide grants and low-interest loans for farmers, ranchers, and rural small businesses to implement wind and other renewable energy technologies.

Wind Energy Basics:  Provides information about wind, including how wind turbines work, advantages and disadvantages of its use, wind energy use throughout history, U.S. wind energy resource potential, and current research and development.

Wind Energy Finance Website :  Operated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, this website allows users to calculate online the cost of electricity generated by a wind system. The website lets users create a new project on screen (or modify an existing project) by entering values for numerous assumptions step-by-step until enough information has been entered to calculate the project cost. Projects added or modified are stored convenience and are available the next time a user logs in.

Wind Energy Technology:  Extensive listing of new releases and publications of the DOE’s Information Bridge.

Wind Power for Electricity Providers:  NREL’s resources of information pertinent to Utility Providers including introduction, markets, interconnection, and state-of-the-art wind technology.

Wind Power Monthly Magazine :  is published in New Zealand but has back issue article abstracts searchable online. Good place to find worldwide news items about wind power.

Wind Powering America :  The U.S. Department of Energy’s Wind Powering America site provides state-by-state wind project information, including validated wind maps, anemometer loan programs, small wind guides, legislative briefings, wind working groups, and state-specific news.

Wind Powering America:  The US Department of Energy’s Wind Power Program to increase the use of wind energy in the United States, with emphasis on establishing new sources of income for American farmers, Native Americans, and other rural landowners, and meet the growing dem

WINDMISSION, Denmark:  Windmission is a small Danish family owned company. Over the years specialized in turbines equipped with Windflower rotors, quiet multi bladed super wind roses with a high efficiency.

WINDSAVE, Scotland:  Windsave Ltd. was formed in January 2002 to develop a Commercial and Domestic small wind turbine generator system using low wind speeds to create electricity, avoiding the use of batteries. The Windsave System can be roof or wall mounted and feeds electricity directly into the property on the consumer side of the meter, reducing the consumption and cost of electricity from the Grid.

Windustry :  working to create an understanding of wind energy opportunities for rural economic benefit. Windustry promotes wind energy through outreach, educational materials, and technical assistance to rural landowners, local communities and utilities, and state, regional, and nonprofit collaborations.

Windustry:  A non-profit organization"working to create an understanding of wind energy opportunities for rural economic benefit. Windustry promotes wind energy through outreach, educational materials, and technical assistance to rural landowners, local communities and utilities, and state, regional, and nonprofit collaborations." Website provides a host of useful information on wind energy, including tecchnology information, examples of community wind energy projects, wind energy curriculum, wind energy calculator, resource library, and more.

Windustry: Leasing Land for Wind Power:  The Windustry Site offers information on land leasing and easement options for wind power installations.

What is Renewable (Alternate) Energy? Renewable (Alternate) Energy Links

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There is a lot of talk now about renewable (alternate) energy sources, but the concept is not new.  In 1839, Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, a French physicist, discovered the photovoltaic effect of converting light into electricity.  In the 1950s remote homeowners used photovoltaic solar cells to provide electricity to these locations that were not served by “the grid.”  Even before “the grid” was in use, farmers have relied on wind and water for power.  Most are aware that wood and other combustibles were the first energy source. In fact, burning wood was the dominant energy source until sometime in the 19th century when coal began to replace wood.

In 1857 Edwin Drake drilled the first commercial oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania.  Spindletop Hill, the first Texas gusher hit in 1901, signaled the birth of the petroleum age.  Today we primarily use fossil fuels for heat and power.

Even though is it convenient to use coal, oil, and natural gas, fossil fuels present several disadvantages.  For one, we have a limited supply of these fuels.  Using fossil fuels damages the environment.  As a result, many people advocate the benefits of developing alternate energy sources.

As definitions, renewable or alternate energy derive their power by harnessing the energy from natural processes which are continually replenished and are environmentally friendly.  These natural process: the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants, can all be converted into usable energy in the forms of solar, wind, ocean thermal, geothermal, hydropower and biomass. Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal power, ultimately come from the sun. All these renewable energy sources are also sustainable.  By being self-sustaining these energy sources are in essence limitless.  Often "clean" or "green" are used to describe renewable energy technologies because they produce few if any pollutants.  Renewable energy technologies are rapidly improving.
Hotlinks to Alternate Energy Internet Resources:
NEW  The Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy is a non-profit, independent, organization that provides research, development of technology, training and information for the manufacture, industrial innovation and implementation of renewable energy technologies and energy savings in Denmark and throughout the world.

Shell’s ingenious approach to oil shale is pretty slick:  When oil prices last touched record highs – actually, after adjusting for inflation we’re not there yet, but given the effects of Hurricane Katrina, we probably will be soon – politicians’ response was more hype than hope. Oil shale in Colorado! Tar sands in Alberta! OPEC be damned!

Ethanol production from sweet sorghum:  The stem juice of sweet sorghum is rich in fermentative sugar and is a desirable alcoholic fermentation material. It is difficult to measure the juice Sugar content in the process of production. The sugar content is commonly expressed with juice brix degree, but the relation between sugar content and brix degree has not been very cleared The objective of this study was to find out their relation and tell the sugar content by means of the measurement of juice saccharine more accurately, which may provide a theoretical basis for crop breeding and fermentation. In addition to fermentative sugar, other kinds of sugars are also found in the stem juice of sweet sorghum. The acquirement of the contents of different sugars is beneficial to the enhancement of alcohol production rate. There are also some ammonia acids and minerals in the juice, measuring their contents enables us to use sweet sorghum better with multi-purpose.

Argonne expert addresses energy, environmental impacts of fuel ethanol:  A recent national debate has arisen over the net energy and environmental benefits of ethanol as a substitute for gasoline in transportation fuels. Argonne researcher Michael Wang, a world-leading expert in this field, presented the results of his research today at the Ethanol Energy Open Forum, sponsored by the National Corn Growers Association at the National Press Club, Washington, D.C.  

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